Exam 2 animal evaluation Flashcards
What are the maternal line breed of hogs
Yorkshire, landrace, Chester white
What are maternal line breeds know for
Big bodied, long torso, and milk production
Terminal line breed of hogs
Duroc, Hampshire, pietrain
What are terminal line breeds know for
muscling, growth, and feed efficiency
Multipurpose breeds in hogs
Berkshire, Poland china, and spot
Developed in Denmark in 1895
White in color with very large
drooping ears set close to their
head
Sows are very prolific
Heavy milkers
Satisfactory mothers
Landrace
Story of England
Very large in size
White with erect ears
Prolific and excellent mothers
Most popular in US
Yorkshire
Cross of Siamese and Chinese blood
Country seat of the shire of Berks in England
Black with erect ears
6 white points
Good mothers
Excellent carcass quality
Berkshire
Originated in Pietrain, Belgium
Stress gene
White with black spots
Light pigmentation around spots
Eerect ears
Extremely lean and heavily muscled
Pietrain
Originated I. Chester county, Pennsylvania
White with small droopy ears
Very hardy
Prolific
Poor disposition
Chester White
Originated in Eastern US
Cross between Berkshire and the Jersey reds
Droopy ears
Red color variation
Dished face
Excellent carcass composition and quality
Good growth rate and efficient growth
Duroc
Oldest original early American Breed of Swine
Black with white belt
Erect ears
Heavily muscled
Lean and fast growing
Gene for stress and poor quality
Hampshire
Oldest US breed
Black with 6 white points
Droopy ears
Excellent feeder
Very prolific
Poorest mothers
Poland China
Recently Spotted Poland China
Adds productivity gentleness and durability
Spotted Swine breed
Deviled by crossing the white and red blooded stock
Duroc and Chester white
Webber in Missouri
Red in color
White face
At least 2 white legs
Medium drooping ears
herefords
Originated in Ireland
Bacon type carcasses
Red in color
Excellent mothers
Rugged and thrifty breed
Tamworth
What percent of hogs are company hogs
95%
Priority traits from most to least in hogs
Muscle, growth, capacity/volume, leanness, structure and soundness
Maternal line breeding gilts priority traits
structure and soundness, growth, underline quality, capacity and volume, muscling, leanness
Terminal line breeding gilts priority traits
Structure and soundness, muscling, growth, capacity and volume, leanness, underline quality
Swine muscle indicators
Forearm, loin, ham, and stifle
A sign of muscling and fat is…
wider through the middle of the ham
Muscle top has a ______ shape
Butterfly
______ shape indicates fat
Flat
Is the top bottom or middle 1/3 the widest?
Middle, top and bottom should =
What points do you look at for leanness evaluation in pigs
Shoulder, loin edge, ham/loin junction, jowl, elbow pocket, flank, seam of ham
Lean hogs have a _____ shape
Hourglass
What are the 4 lean cuts of pork
Ham, Loin, Boston, butt, and picnic shoulder
What is the not so lean cut?
Bacon
What are the three places to measure fat and pork?
First rib, last rib, last lumbar vertebrae
The percentage of bone in, closely trimmed retail cuts from the ham, loin, Boston, butt, and picnic shoulder
Measure of comfortability
How to calculate the US grades calculation in swine
(Last rib back fat x 4) - muscle score
A US number one carcass must have at least a ________ muscle score (_ or greater)
Average, 2
Carcasses with a last rib back of 1.75 inches or greater must be graded _____, regardless of muscle score
US no. 4
1.5-1.0 US grades is what
Thin
2.0-2.5 US grade is what
Average
3.0+ US grades is what
Thick
Dairy goat breeds
Alpine, La Mancha, Nubian, Toggenburg, Oberhasli, Saanen
Meat goat breeds
Boer, Kiko, myotonic, Spanish
Hair breeds of goats
Angora, Cashmere
What is the dual purpose breed of goat?
Nubian
This originated in Alps between Switzerland and France.
May range in color from pure white to shades of gray, brown, black or red
Ear should be a medium size and erect
Females are excellent milkers with large well shaped utters
Alpine
This originated in Oregon from Spanish milk goats
They can have gopher ears, which is a maximum length of 1 inch Preferably nonexistent, or they can have elf ears, which is a maximum length of 2 inches and the end of the ear must be turned up or turned down
LaMancha
Disco originated in England from crossing British guilts with books of African and Indian origin
Considered dual purpose
They have a distinct Roman nose
Their ears form of bell shape
Nubian
Swiss area code that is medium size, vigorous and alert and appearance
Must have two black stripes down the face from eye muzzle, and a continuous black stripe along the neck and down the back
Oberhasli
Derrico originated in the Saanen Valley of Switzerland
Those are heavy milk producers
They are white to light cream
Ears are erected and alertly carried
They should be straight to slightly dished
Saanen
This is another Swiss dairy goat, breed, or originating in Toggenburg Valley
Credit is the oldest known dairy goat breed
Smallest of the Alpine breeds
Solid colored with white ears with a dark spot in the middle
Noted for excellent utter development and high milk production
Toggenburg
West African origin
Erect ears straight nose
Any coat color is acceptable and they may have blue eyes
They developed from the pygmy goats brought to the US
Nigerian dwarf
Or originated in the distinct of angora and Asia minor prior to early biblical history
These goats produce no hair
They are not prolific 60 to 70% rate
Angora
Not a specific breed
Technically, all goats other than Gora produce this
Blank goats have been selected to produce significant amounts
Cashmere
Originated from indigenous goats of the Namaqua Hottentots and Bantu tribes In Africa
Recently introduced to US in the 1990s
They are primarily meat goats
It is horned With lop ears and shows a variety of colors
Boer
Origin of New Zealand
Bread to improve indigenous goats
No defined color dominant color is white
Their name also means flesh or meat in another language
Kiko
These are also called fainting goats
Stiffen and fall when excited
All colors and coats are acceptable
Myotonic
West African origin small and size can be any color
Pygmy
Used to describe goats of unknown ancestry, but Now have conversed bloodlines
The primary source of goat meat or chevon
Spanish
Correct order of traits ranked for market goats
Muscle, finish, balance and style, and structural correctness
What all is finish influenced by in goats
Muscle in frame size, and stage of maturity
What creates balance and style in a goat?
Body blends together, straight top line, structurally correct, length, width, and depth are proportional and hindsaddle is heavier than foresaddle
How should the rump be structured on a goat?
Long, with white slope from hooks to pins, high tail set, square appearance
Correct Priorities for Breeding goats
Balance and style, structural correctness, capacity, or volume, masculinity/ femininity, muscle
Selection one goat is the best for the worst goat
Best
Dressing percentage for goats
45 to 48%
Drop value=_______ in hog pricing
Slaughter cost
Majority of market hogs are sold on a what basis
Carcass merit
How much did it cost to buy and raise it, feed, other expenses. All of this divided by how much it weighs
Break even pricing
English breeds
Angus, red angus, shorthorn, Hereford, polled Hereford, red poll, belted Galloway
European/Exotic breeds
Belgian blue, blonde d’ Aquitaine, braunvieh, charolais, chianina, Gelbvieh, Limousin, Maine-Anjou, Piedmontese, pingzar, salers, simmental, tarentaise
Composite breeds
Limflex, simsolutions, Mainetainer, balancer
American breeds
Brahman, brangus, beefmaster, Santa gertrudis, red brangus, Bradford, charlbray, Santa Cruz, simbrah
English breed, certified beef, most popular breed in cattle
Angus
Promoted cross breeding, english breed, same as angus
red angus
English breed, short horns, small to moderate frame, high marbling, good mothers
Shorthorn
England in 1742, English breed, red body white face underside and tail switch, less milk, medium frame
The polled version of this has less muscle
hereford
Black with white ring, English breed, good nature and decent meat quality
Belted Galloway
European breed, developed in 1980s, from Belgium, medium frame, low marbling, trouble calving, myostatin gene doesn’t work so heavily muscled
Belgium blue
European breed, southwest France, came to us in 1972, large fine boned
blonde d’ Aquitaine
Origin in mountains of origin, European breed, used for milk production in Europe , heavily muscled and high marbling, oldest pure breed also known as brown breed
brauniveh
Original France, European breed, pink nose, pale hooves, big framed heavily muscled and doesn’t marble well
Charolais
European breed, short hair, black nose, hooves, very tall, heavily muscled, lean, flighty disposition
chianina
Southern Germany, horned, red and yellow in color, name translates to yellow breed
Gelbvieh
Southern central France, light coloration on back legs, medium to large frame, less milk production, aggressive disposition, low marbling heavy muscle
Limousin
Original NW France, developed as dual purpose, horned, very large breed, heavily muscled, introduced to US through AI
Maine-Anjou
Original NW Italy, grey white color, horned, large framed, double muscling, low cholesterol beef
piedmontese
Central France, dark mahogany red, thick curly hair, medium frame, easy calving, aggressive
salers
One of the most widely distributed jobs, Switzerland origin, several names in different languages
Simmental
French alps, auburn color, short muzzle, muscular, dual purpose breed
tarentaise
Limousin and angus
limflex
Half Simmental
Simsolutions
1/8 to 5/8 Maine-Anjou
mainetainer
Gelbvieh and angus max 1/8 other breed
Balancer
The Brahman ordinates from what three breeds
Gazerat, nellore, gir
Developed in Texas, intermediate size, fast growing, horned, disposition reflects treatment, loose skin, insect resistant, heat tolerant
Brahman
5/8 angus and 3/8 Brahman, crossed in 1930s, combination of heat tolerant and carcass characteristics, hybrid vigor, these calves are heavier, hump large ears, need less than 1/4 brahman
brangus
Brahman, shorthorn, and Hereford
6 important culling practices ( disposition, fertility, weight, conformation, hardiness, and milk production
beefmaster
5/8 shorthorn and 3/8 Brahman, very southern Texas, deep cherry red, horned and good mothers, decent milkers, not great carcasses
Santa gertrudis
Market cattle priority traits
Muscle, fat (finish), balance, structure, growth
Muscle indicators for cattle
Forearm, stifle, loin, and quarter/rump
Evaluating degree of muscling
Great top shape ( grooved, butterfly top)
Fat indicators on cattle
Should, flank and underline, over the ribs, brisket, top line, udder, tailhead
Sickled hock
overly extended
Post legged
Straight leg
In at knees, out at toes
Splayed foot
Out at knees, in at toes
Pigeon toed
Characteristics of balance in cattle
Clean necked, smooth shoulder, good length of body, good weight in hind quarter, good base width
Breeding priority traits in cattle
Soundness and structural correctness, capacity or volume, style and balance, usc,in, femininity
Which of the following is not a TERMINAL line breed of hogs?
Hampshire
Duroc
Pietrain
Yorkshire
Yorkshire
This breed of extremely heavily muscled hogs originated in Belgium and were brought to the US to improve the muscling and leanness of American pork. However, they also suffered with a stress gene that caused problems with pork eating quality and ‘downers’ in the packing plant. They are white with black spots and erect ears.
Pietrain
This breed of pigs originated in England and with black with 6 white points and erect ears. They are known for their excellent pork quality and marketed for their high marbling.
berkshire
This breed of hogs is red with erect ears. They originated in England and are known for their bacon-type carcasses.
tamworth
___ % of hogs in commercial pork production are “Company Hogs” that are tailored to provide farmers with specific priority taits such as muscling, growth, disposition, health, or marbling.
95
Which of the following traits is the highest priority for MATERNAL LINE Breeding Gilts?
Structure and soundess
A lean, heavily muscled hog will be widest at what point when viewed from the rear?
Through the middle of the ham
Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 lean cuts of pork?
Picnic shoulder
Ham
Boston Butt
Loin
Bacon
Bacon
Although pork carcasses are not typically ribbed, where is the proper place to rib a pork carcass for FFL evaluation?
10th/11th rib
During harvest a combination of _____ pH and __________ temperature can result in pork with pale, soft, and exudative meat.
Low, high
Which of the following statements about goat fiber is TRUE?
Cashmere goats grow Mohair
Mohair goats grow Cashmere
All goats (except Angora) grow Cashmere
Mohair becomes finer as the goats age.
All goats except angora grow cashmere
Which of the following is NOT a Swiss Dairy goat?
Angora
Oberhasli
Toggenburg
Saanen
Angora
This breed of goat originated in England from crossing British goats with bucks of African and Indian origin, and is considered a dual purpose breed. They have long pendulous ears that hang close to the head and a Roman nose.
Nubian
This breed originated in Africa and was introduced into the US in the 1990’s. Primarily meat goats, these goats have a white body with a red head and lop ears. They are known to have fast growth and a kidding rate of 200% is common.
Boer
This goat was developed in New Zealand by breading indigenous goats to improve meat characteristics. They have no defined color, but most are white. Their name means ‘flesh’ or ‘meat’ in Maori language.
Kiko
This breed of goat was brought to the US by Spanish explorers. Originally this breed was just a term used to describe goats of unknown origin, but now their breeders have conserved their bloodlines. They were raised on wool ranches as a source of meat for workers and are now the primary source of goat meat.
Spanish
Which trait is least important in market goats
Frame size
What is the dressing percentage for goats
45-48%
Late 1700 to 1800
Originated from the British isles
Higher quality grades
Poorer yield grade
Less growth
English/british breeds
Originated from continental Europe
Larger later maturing
More calving difficulty
Lower quality grades
Improved growth rate and leanness of existing breeds
European/exotic/continental
Developed from Bo’s Indicus
Eared cattle
More heat tolerant,errant
Considered sacred in India
Tougher meat
Crosses of bos Indicus and Bos Taurus
American
Insect resistant
American
Smaller in mature size
british
Lean and heavily muscled
continental
Better quality grades
Continental
tougher meat
American
Crosses of Bos Taurus and Bos Indicus
American
Examples are angus, shorthorn, and hereford
british
Examples are Brahman, beefmaster, brangus
american
Heat tolerant
American
Examples are Simmental, Limousin, and charolais
continental
Which of the following traits was not among the 6 essentials used to develop the Beefmaster breed?
Hide color
milk production
Fertility
weight
Hide color
This breed of beef cattle originated in England and are found in the colors of red, roan, and white. They came to the US in 1783 and have horns. They are smaller frames, very docile and good mothers.
Shorthorn
This breed of beef cattle originate from Switzerland and their name actually means “Brown Breed.” Some of these cattle were imported to the US in 1869, but were dairy-type and became the American Brown Swiss breed. The beef version came to the US in 1968. They are large framed and structurally correct, horned, with a docile disposition and high marbling.
Braunvieh
The Brangus breed is made up of what percentage of what two breeds?
5/8 angus and 3/8 brahman
This breed of goat was brought to the US by Spanish explorers. On sheep and Angora ranches, they were
included as a source of meat for ranch workers. Originally, their breed was just used to describe goats of
‘unknown origin,’ but now breeders are conserving their bloodlines
Spanish
his breed of meat goat was developed in New Zealand by breeding the indigenous goats. They have no
defined color, although they are predominantly white. Their name means ‘flesh’ or ‘meat’ in the native,
Māori language.
Kiko
This breed of dairy goat was developed in the US from Pygmy goats that were selected for their dairy
character. They are known to grow to about 17-19 in tall, have erect ears and straight nose, and any hair
color is acceptable. Some have blue eyes
nigrian dwarf
- _____ What breed of goat grows Mohair?
Angora only
Name 3 places on a young goat where you would observe muscling?
Loin, shoulder, forearm, rump
This breed of white hogs with long droopy ears was developed in Denmark. They are a large breed andare satisfactory mothers, and extremely long bodied, said to have 16 pairs of ribs
Landrace
This breed of pigs is white with black spots and erect ears. They are from Belgium and are very heavily
muscled. They were brought to the US in the 1990’s to improve carcass traits or muscling and trimness,
however a stress gene caused problems with eating quality and downers
Pietrain
This dwarf breed of pigs was developed in the 1960’s and became an alternative to canine and feline pets. Their average grown weight is 70-150 pounds and they have various coat colors
Vietnamese potbelly
Indicate on the pig or name three places to evaluate fattening on a hog.
Over the ribs, over the shoulders, and around the rump
In the US, commercially-produced pork with high marbling scores and high color scores will be sold into
______________.
Japanese markets
Bos indicus
continental
5 traits of Brahman being heat tolerant
loose skin, dark pigment, short thick glossy hair, sweat glands, and internal body heat regulator
