things im getting wrong on quizlet tests

Question 1

what is linked to an antibody and causes a colour change if the antibody binds to a specific antigen

Answer 1

reporter enzyme

Question 2

what does isotonic mean

Answer 2

the concentration of solutes in the cell is the same as outside the cell

Question 3

what is responsible for producing antibodies in mammals

Answer 3

b lymphocyte

Question 4

what is the type of ELISA where an antigen is bound to the surface of a plate and a primary antibody, linked to a reporter enzyme and bound to it

Answer 4

direct ELISA

Question 5

what can be used in studies to detect the presence and concentration of specific proteins in solution

Answer 5

antibodies

Question 6

what is the process that detects the presence and concentration of proteins in solution, used to diagnose disease

Answer 6

immunoassay

Question 7

what are two factors that can determine how far a sample moves up the chromatogram

Answer 7

solubiliy in solvent
attraction to stationary phase

Question 8

what is a cell line

Answer 8

a genetically uniformed cell culture produced from a single cell

Question 9

what is the supernatant

Answer 9

the solution containing the less dense materials after centrigfugation

Question 10

what is immunohistochemistry

Answer 10

a process where antibodies are used to detect a specific antigen within a tissue sample

Question 11

describe the movement of proteins between membranes

Answer 11

• once the proteins are in the ER they are transported by vesicles that bud off from the ER and fuse with the Golgi apparatus
• molecules move through the Golgi discs in vesicles that bud off from one disc and fuse to the next one in the stack
• As proteins move through the Golgi apparatus they undergo post-translational modification: the addition of carbohydrate groups is the major modification
• enzymes catalyse the addition of various sugars in multiple steps to form the carbohydrates

Question 12

describe phosphorylation

Answer 12

phosphorylation brings about conformational changes, which can affect a protein’s activity; the activity of many cellular proteins, such as enzymes and receptors, is regulated in this way

• some proteins are activated by phosphorylation while others are inhibited
• adding a phosphate group adds negative charges; ionic interactions in the unphosphorylated protein can be disrupted and the new ones created

Question 13

describe eukaryotic cells

Answer 13

because of their size, eukaryotes have a relatively small surface area to volume ratio

• the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells is too small an area to carry out all the vital cell functions
• eukaryotic cells have a system of internal membranes, which increases total area of membrane