1.4.3 hydrophilic signals and transduction Flashcards

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1
Q

do hydrophilic signalling molecules enter the cytosol

A

no

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2
Q

what do hydrophilic signalling molecules bind to

A

transmembrane receptors

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3
Q

what are examples of hydrophilic extracellular signalling molecules

A

peptide hormones and neurotransmitters

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4
Q

when do transmembrane receptors change conformation

A

when the ligand binds to the extracellular face

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5
Q

do signal molecules enter the cell

A

no

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6
Q

what is the signal transduced across

A

the plasma membrane

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7
Q

what do transmembrane receptors act as

A

signal transducers

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8
Q

how do transmembrane receptors act as signal transducers

A

they convert the extracellular ligand binding event into intracellular signals

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9
Q

how do transmembrane receptors alter the behaviour of the cell

A

by converting the ligand binding event into intracellular signals

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10
Q

what do transduced hydrophilic signals often involve

A

G-proteins or cascades of phosphorylation kinase enzymes

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11
Q

what do G-proteins do

A

they relay signals from activated receptors to target proteins such as enzymes and ion channels

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12
Q

what are activated receptors

A

receptors that have bound to a signalling molecule

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13
Q

what do phosphorylation cascades allow

A

they allow more than one intracellular signalling pathways to be activated

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14
Q

what do phosphorylation cascades involve

A

a series of events with one kinase activating the next in the sequence and so on

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15
Q

what can phosphorylation cascades result in

A

the phosphorylation of many proteins as a result of the original signalling event

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16
Q

what does the binding of the peptide hormone insulin to its receptor result in

A

an intracellular signalling cascade that triggers recruitment of GLUT4 glucose transporter proteins to the cell membrane of fat and muscle cells

17
Q

what does the binding of insulin to its receptord do that triggers phosphorylation of the receptor

A

it causes a conformational change

18
Q

what does the phosphorylation of the insulin receptor start

A

a phosphorylation cascade inside the cell, which eventually leads to GLUT4-containing vesicles being transported to the cell membrane

19
Q

how can diabetes mellitus be caused

A

failure to produce insulinm or loss of receptor function

20
Q

how can recruitement of GLUT4 be triggered

A

exercise