Thigh and Glut Muscles Flashcards
Hip joint movements and spinal cord segments
1.) lateral external rotation (knee up) = L5, S1
2.) medial internal rotation (knee up) = L4, L5
3.) adduction = L2, L3, L4
4.) abduction = L5, S1
5.) extension = L4, L5
6.) flexion = L2, L3
Subtalar joint and spinal cord segments
1.) inversion = L4, L5
2.) eversion = L5, S1
Metatarsophalangeal and phalangeal joints and spinal cord segments
1.) flexion (toes) = S2, S3
2.) extension (toes) = L5, S1
Knee joint and spinal cord segments
1.) extension = L3, L4
2.) flexion = L5, S1
Ankle joint and spinal cord segments
1.) dorsiflexion = L4, L5
2.) plantarflexion = S1, S2
2 myotatic (deep tendon) reflexes in the lower limb and the corresponding spinal cord segments?
1.) quadriceps (knee jerk) = L3/L4
2.) calcaneal (achilles; ankle jerk) = S1/S2
What is the axis of the hip joint where rotation occurs?
mechanical axis
What is the axis that goes through the center of both the femur and the tibia?
anatomical axis
Any muscle located anteriorly to the mechanical axis does what action?
medial rotation
Any muscle located posteriorly to the mechanical axis does what action?
lateral rotation
What is the tough fibrous sheath that invests the thigh like a sleeve?
Deep fascia of the thigh (fascia lata)
The fascia lata is thickened (laterally or medially) where it forms a band called what?
laterally, iliotibial tract or band (ITT or ITB)
The ITT is split in its (upper or lower) part and becomes the tendon for which muscle between its two layers?
tensor fascia latae
ITB attaches where? And can act as what?
Gerdy’s tubercle, a tendon
What 2 muscles can pull on the ITB?
gluteus maximus
tensor fascia latae
Why do we ask patient to bend their knees when conducting an abdominal palpation?
Because the deep fascia connects to the fascia of the abdomen, so bending the knees (flex hip joint) relaxes it.
2 groups of gluteal muscles
1.) superficial
2.) deep
Superficial gluteal muscles (4) and innervation
1.) glut. maximus
2.) glut. med
3.) glut. minimus
4.) tensor fascia latae (TFL)
1.) inf. gluteal n.
2, 3, 4.) sup. gluteal n.
Which of the superficial gluteal muscles is located laterally?
TFL
Gluteus maximus (Origin, insertion, function)
Origin:
1.) post. iliac crest
2.) sacrum
3.) coccyx
4.) sacrotuberous ligament
Insertion:
1.) ITB
2.) glut. tub. of femur
Function:
1.) ext. of thigh (@ hip) **
2.) abd. of thigh (@ hip) upper 1/3
3.) add. of thigh (@ hip) lower 2/3
4.) lat. rot. of thigh (@ hip)
5.) post. pelvic tilt
6.) helps lock knee in ext.
What attachment allows the glut. max. to help to lock the knee (knee stability)?
ITB
Glut. medius? (Origin, insertion, function)
Origin:
1.) external surface of the ilium between the ant. and post. glut. lines
Insertion:
1.) lat. surface of greater trochanter
Function (all @ hip j.)
1.) abduction of thigh (entire muscle)
2.) flex. of thigh (ant. fibers)
3.) med. rot. of thigh (ant. fibers)
4.) ext. of thigh (post. fibers)
5.) lat. rot. of thigh (post fibers)
Gluteus minimus (Origin, insertion, function)
Origin:
1.) gluteal surface of illium (between ant. and inf. gluteal lines)
Insertion:
1.) anterior surface of greater trochanter
Function: (all @ hip j.)
1.) abd. of thigh (entire muscle)
2.) flex. of thigh (ant. fibers)
3.) med. rot. of thigh (ant. fibers)
4.) ext. of thigh (post. fibers)
5.) lat. rot. of thigh (post. fibers)
What is the deltoid of the hip region?
Gluteus minimus and gluteus medius
What is trendelenburg sign and gait?
If glut. medi. and glut. mini. are not functioning
What is the test for trendelenburg sign?
Hold hands on wall, raise one leg and observe for drop
Tensor fascia latae (Origin, insertion, function)
Origin:
1.) lat. side of ASIS & ant. part of iliac crest
Insertion:
1.) tibia (Gerdy’s tubercle) via ITB (1/3 of the way down the thigh)
Function:
1.) flex. of thigh (@ hip j.)
2.) abd. of thigh (@ hip j.)
3.) med. rot. of thigh (@ hip j.)
4.) ant. pelvic tilt
5.) tenses ITB to support femur on tibia during standing
What are the deep gluteal muscles? Innervation?
1.) piriformis
2.) sup. gemellus
3.) obturator internus
4) inferior gemellus
5) quadratus femoris
6.) obturator externus
1-5 are innervated by sacral plexus
6 is lumbar plexus
What function can all deep gluteal muscles do?
Lateral rotation
Which 4 muscles in the deep gluteal group do abduction? Which 2 do adduction?
Abduction:
1.) piriformis
2.) sup. gemellus
3.) obturator internus
4.) inferior gemellus
Adduction:
1.) quadratus femoris
2.) Obt. ext.
Piriformis (Origin, insertion, function)
Origin:
1.) Anterior sacrum
Insertion:
1.) superior border of greater trochanter
Function (@ hip j.):
1.) Lat. rot. of thigh (when hip is extended)
2.) Horizontal abd. of thigh
When we flex the hip joint what type of rotation does the piriformis do?
medial rotation
What is it called when the sciatic nerve passes through the piriformis muscle or splits? What happens?
piriformis syndrome, the nerve is pinched and causes pain
What 2 nerves are in the sheath of the sciatic nerve?
1.) common fibula n.
2.) tibial
Superior gemellus (Origin, insertion, function)
Origin:
1.) ischial spine
Insertion:
1.) medial surface of the greater trochanter
Function (@ hip j.)
1.) lat. rotation of thigh
2.) horizontal abd. of thigh
Obturator internus (Origin, insertion, function)
Origin:
1.) inner surface of obturator membrane
Insertion:
1.) medial surface of the greater trochanter
Function (@ hip j.)
1.) lat. rotation of thigh
2.) horizontal abd. of thigh
Inferior gemellus (Origin, insertion, function)
Origin:
1.) ischial tuberosity
Insertion:
1.) medial surface of greater trochanter
Function (@ hip j.)
1.) Lat. rot. of thigh
2.) Horizontal abd. of thigh
Quadratus femoris (Origin, insertion, function)
Origin:
1.) ischial tuberosity
Insertion:
1.) quadrate tubercle of femur
Function (@ hip j.)
1.) Lat. rot. of thigh
2.) horizonal add. of thigh
Obturator externus (Origin, insertion, function)
Origin:
1.) outer surface of the obturator membrane
Insertion:
2.) trochanteric fossa
Function (@ hip j.):
1.) Lat. rot. of thigh
2.) horizonal add. of thigh (weak)
LUMBAR PLEXUS
What surrounds the compartments of the leg?
deep fascia
How many compartments do we have for the thigh?
3 (ant., med., post)
Which compartment are the extensor muscles of the knee joint in? What nerve? One exception?
anterior, femoral
Which compartment are the adductor muscles of hip. j. in? What nerve? What exception?
medial, mainly obturator nerve
Which compartment are the flexor muscles of the knee in? Nerve?
posterior. sciatic nerve
Muscles of the posterior thigh?Innervation?
1.) biceps femoris
Nerve: tibial (long head) and common fibular peroneal (short head)
2.) semitendinosus
Nerve: tibial
3.) semimembranosus
Nerve: tibial
Biceps femoris
Origin:
1.) long head: ischial tuberosity
2.) short head: linea aspera
Insertion:
1.) head of fibula
2.) lateral condyle of tibia
Function: (@ hip.
1.) flex. of leg @ knee j. (entire m)
2.) ext. of thigh @ hip j. (long head)
3.) lat. rot. of leg @ knee j. when knee is flexed
Semitendinosus (Origin, insertion, function)
Origin:
1.) ischial tuberosity
Insertion:
1.) prox. part. of medial surface of shaft of tibia (forms Pes anserine tendon)
Function:
1.) flex. of leg (knee j)
2.) ext. of thigh (hip j)
3.) med. rot of leg (knee j) when knee is flexed
Semimembranosus (Origin, insertion, function)
Origin:
1.) ischial tuberosity
Insertion:
1.) post. aspect of med. condyle of tibia
Function:
1.) flex. of leg (knee j.)
2.) ext. of thigh (hip j.)
3.) med. rot. of leg (knee j.) when knee is flexed
_________ is known as the lateral hamstring
___________ are known as the medial hamstrings.
biceps
ST & SM
Which muscle shortening contributes to lower back pain? What tilt does this cause
hamstring, posterior
