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225 > Thermoregulation > Flashcards

Thermoregulation Flashcards

1
Q

Temperature quotient

A

a measure of the thermal sensitivity of a chemical reaction or physiological process, it is the increase in a rate caused by a 10 degree C increase in temp

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2
Q

how do you solve for temperature quotient (Q10)

A

Rate at (Tc+10)/rate at Tc

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3
Q

what would it mean if your Q10=3

A

the rate of reaction increased x3

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4
Q

what is the problem with using Q10

A

responses to temperature may not be the same at all temperatures, response might not be linear

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5
Q

body heat and when will heat be transfered

A

body heat= heat produced + heat transferred
heat transfer will be positive if external temp is greater than internal temp
heat transfer will be negative if internal temp is greater the external temp

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6
Q

heat transfer: conduction

A

direct transfer of thermal energy of molecular motion; takes place between physical bodies that are in contact with one another

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7
Q

what does the rate of transfer of thermal energy from on object to another depend on?

A

Lambda thermal conductivity (resistance), Delta TvTemperature gradient, L distance of transfer- distance over which gradient extends

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8
Q

Fouriers law

A

Q(heat flux)= lambda (delta T)/L

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9
Q

conductance, resistance, insulation

A

insulation is a measure of resistance
resistance=1/conductance
the higher the insulation the lower the conductance

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10
Q

what influences conduction

A

conductivity is influenced by the medium, the conductance of water is much greater than air
- muscle has higher conductance than Fat

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11
Q

Insulation

A

hair, feather, fur, subcutaneous fat, seasonal changes in thickness

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12
Q

common internal insulation

A

blubber

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13
Q

common external insulation

A

hair, feather, air, water

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14
Q

what does effectiveness of insulation depend on

A

effectiveness of insulation depends on its thickness

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15
Q

Convection

A

mass movement of gas or fluid contributes to renewal of the fluid at the boundary; accelerates heart transfer

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16
Q

radiation

A

heart transfer takes place in the absence of direct contact; due to emission of electromagnetic radiation

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17
Q

evaporation

A

always removes heat from the body

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18
Q

what types of heat transfer can be positive or negative

A

conduction, convention, radiation

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19
Q

Heat balance

A

body heat= heat produced + heat transferred
Heat flux= metabolic heat production +- Conduction +- Convection +- radiation - evaporation

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20
Q

behavioral mechanisms to gain/lose heat

A

change posture, penguins huddle to reduce exposed surface area, this greatly decreases metabolic cost of keeping warm

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21
Q

relationship between SA and Heat Exchange

A

body size dcr, SA incre, surface area is directly proportional to heat exchance, large animals exchange heat slower than large animals

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22
Q

what is a trait of animals in colder climates to help reduce heat loss

A

smaller extremities, also animals living in cold environments tend to be larger

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23
Q

Thermal strategies

A

stable temperature of body, outside source of thermal energy, most animals are best described by combining both

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24
Q

Ectothermy

A

Environment determines body temperature

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25
Q

how does ectothermy work

A

obtain body heat from external environment rather than producing it physiologically, body temp depends on environmental temperature

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26
Q

Metabolic rate of ectotherms

A

lower metabolic rate, they do not produce enough heat to metabolically to keep themselves warm

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27
Q

what animals are ectotherms

A

all invertebrates, fish, amphibians and reptiles

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28
Q

advantages of ecothermy

A

lifestyle based on low energy flow, low metabolic rate allows them to exploit many adaptive zones, more suited to periodic shortages in food, water, and oxygen

29
Q

Endotherm

A

animal generates internal heat to maintain body temp, physiological thermoregulation by producing heat through metabolic means, higher metabolic rates

30
Q

what animals are endotherms

A

bird and mammals

31
Q

ectothermy vs endothermy

A

ecotherms body temp depends on environmental temp and lower metabolic rate, endotherms rely on physiological thermoregulation by producing heat through metabolic means, higher metabolic rate

32
Q

Thermoneutral Zone (TNZ)

A

range of temperatures optimal for physiological processes, metabolic rate is minimal

33
Q

Upper Critical Temperature (UCT)

A

Metabolic rate increases as animals induces a physiological response to prevent overheating

34
Q

Lower Critical Temp (LCT)

A

metabolic rate increases to increase heat production

35
Q

if in short food supply do endo or ecotherms do better

A

ecototherms

36
Q

Temporal heterotherms (type of ectotherms)

A

changes overtime, hibernating animals, pythons after large meal

37
Q

Regional heterotherms (type of ecotherms)

A

body temperature varies in regions of the body,

38
Q

behavioral mechanisms to deal with temperature changes

A

changing body location or position to change or minimize body temperature, most important for ectotherms

39
Q

climates for ecotherms

A

ectothermic animals choose microclimates that allow them to keep body temperature as close to preferred body temp as possible

40
Q

migration

A

behavioral mechanisms to gain and lose heat, season mass movement to avoid unfavorable conditions

41
Q

Homeoviscous Adaptation (HVA)

A

ectodermal animals reduce the deleterious effects by changing the cell membrane, changes in: fatty acid chain length, saturation, phospholipid classes, cholesterol content

42
Q

HVA: shorter FA chain length

A

higher membrane fluidity

43
Q

HVA: unsaturation of the FA

A

higher membrane fluidity

44
Q

HVA: addition of a polar head group to the FA

A

high membrane fluidity

45
Q

In situ modification

A

phospholipid remodeling: cells can remodel the phospholipids directly within membrane by removing a fatty acid. A phospholipid is rebuilt by lysphospholipid acyltrasnferase which attaches another FA produced by the cell. The FA must first be activated by the esterification of coenzyme A

46
Q

De Novo Modification

A

From new, big groups phospholipids are replaced endocytosis and exocytosis. Placed pieces of membrane changed overtime, slower process. cell membranes are constantly remodeled by endocytosis and exocytosis. When temperatures decreases the cell produces vesicles possessing phospholipids with FA that are shorter and more unsaturated than those in the cell membrane. Over time, the cycles of endocytosis and exocytosis remove undesirable phospholipids replacing them with more desirable phospholipids.

47
Q

Heat Shock Response

A

helps us not have denatured proteins. complex of HSF and HSP under unstressed conditions, heat stress causes the complex to dissociate, Hsp70 binds to denatured proteins, HSF monomers associate into trimers which move into the nucleus and bind to the promoter of genese with HSE, Hsp70 gene transcription increases, the increase in Hsp70 levels allows the complex to form again stopping transcriptional activation

48
Q

Homeoviscous Adaptation Response (HVA) temperature

A

changes in ectotherm membrane viscosity due to environmental temperature changes

49
Q

physiological mechanisms of change: metabolic consumption

A

changes in metabolic machinery that allow some ectotherms to maintain optimal metabolic rates are very different ambient temperatures after acclimatization

50
Q

Isozymes

A

enzymes with the same catalytic function work optimally at different temperatures. allows ectotherms to have endotherm properties, as an endotherm we don’t need these because our temperature is always the same

51
Q

physiological mechanisms that allw ectotherms to control the rate of change in body temperature

A

color change: by changing skin color you can alter body reflectance can increase or decrease heat absorption
countercurrent heat exchange: large fish use the rete mirable to increase the core body temperature

52
Q

freeze tolerance and free avoidance

A

some animals freeze there tissues, small ecototherms that are small can freeze solid they have ice nucleation

53
Q

icryoprotectant

A

increase in intracellular solutes concentration decreases the freezing point

54
Q

Antifreeze macromolecules

A

production of proteins and glycoproteins that crease the freezing point by noncolligative actions. disrupt ice crystal formation by binding to small ice crystals and preventing growth

55
Q

hybernation

A

state of regulated hypothermia lasting several days or weeks that allows animals to conserve energy during the winter Obligate hibernation and Facultative hibernation

56
Q

estivation

A

state of dormancy similar to hibernation, animals that estivate spend a summer inactive and insulated againts heat to avoid potentially harmful effects of the season. Some animals maybe estimate to conserve energy when their food and water supply is low.

57
Q

Non shivering thermogenesis: Brown Adipose Tissue

A

in endotherms not ecotherms, its important for new borns bc they cant shiver. located around core organs

58
Q

White adipocytes

A

low mitochondira count, one big vacuole that stores fats

59
Q

brown adipocyte

A

high amount of mitochondria, a bunch of small fat droplets

60
Q

nonshivering theromogenesis

A

norepinephrine stumulates BAT hyperplasia and hypertrophy, precursor cells are induced to proliferate and then differentiate into Bat cells, triglyceride is synthesized and mitochondria # increase. Thermogenin activates UCP, uncoupling the activity of electon transport chain from ATP synthase so that the energy of oxidation is dissipated as heat rather than used for ATP synthesis, high rate of fatty acid oxidation

61
Q

shivering thermogenesis

A

unique to mammals and birds, uncoordinated myofibril contraction that results in heat production by no gross muscle contraction. works for short periods of time, muscles are rapidly depleated of nutrients and become exhausted

62
Q

vasodilation for mechanisms to lose body heat

A

dilation of peripheral blood vessels to lose heat by increased rate of convection

63
Q

Sweating

A

used by large animals low surface area to volume rations, sweat reduced body temp by evaporation cooling.

64
Q

what is sweating controlled by

A

hypothalamus, sympathetic innervation of sweat glands

65
Q

What does NaCl do for heat and temperature

A

NaCl in sweat raises heat of vaporization greater heat loss than evaporation of pure water

66
Q

what happens when blood travels close to the surface

A

heat is lost across the skin.

67
Q

Blood flow and temperature Cold

A

when temperatures are cold blood is diverted from the skin through AV shunts called arteriovenous anastomoses reducing heat lost.

68
Q

Blood flow and temperature hot

A

in a hot environment shunts are constricted and blood moves through the vessels closer to the skin surface enhancing heat loss.

69
Q

thermostat of the body

A

in the hypothalamus, peripheral thermo sensors in the skin can detect external temperatures changes as well

225 (3 decks)

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