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225 > Osmoregulation > Flashcards

Osmoregulation Flashcards

1
Q

hyperosmotic solution

A

solute concentration is higher outside the cell than inside the cell

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2
Q

hyposmotic solution

A

solute concentration is higher inside the cell than outside

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3
Q

ionic and osmotic challenges: marine environments

A

animals tend to gain salts and lose water

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4
Q

ionic and osmotic challenges (freshwater environment)

A

animals tend to gain water and lose salts

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5
Q

ionic and osmotic challenges- terrestrial environments

A

animals tend to lose water

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6
Q

Osmoconformers

A

change their bodies osmolarity to be similar to their environment. many invertebrates are osmoconformers,

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7
Q

osmoregulators

A

osmolarity is constant regardless of the environment, most vertebrates

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8
Q

ionoconforms

A

exert little control over ion profile with the extracellular space, many invertebrates

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9
Q

ionoregulators

A

control ion profile within their extracellular space, most vertebrates

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10
Q

blood concentration osmoregulators vs conformors

A

ionoregulators blood concentration is much lower than inoconformers

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11
Q

example of perturbing solute

A

urea

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12
Q

what is a perturbing solute

A

when in a solution in an animal it changes the metabolism of the animal, it can increase or decrease metabolism
perturbing solutes are bad

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13
Q

What does TMAO do

A

it is a perturbing solute that decreases metabolism

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14
Q

urea and metabolism

A

increases metabolism

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15
Q

Epithelial cells

A

polar, have apical side and basolateral side

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16
Q

features of transport epithelial cells

A
  1. asymmetrical distribution of membrane transporters- solutes are selectively transported across the membrane
  2. cells interconnected to forms impermeable sheet of tissue, little leakage between cells
  3. high cell diversity within tissue
  4. abundant mitochondria, large energy (atp) supply
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17
Q

transcellular transport

A

transport across epithelial cell is across the membrane

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18
Q

paracellular

A

transport around the epithelial cell not though it

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19
Q

what do fresh water fish struggle with

A

gaining salts bc outside is so much water so lose any salt they have to water around them

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20
Q

what problems do salt water fish have

A

getting in enough water bc so much salt around them any water they have wants to leave to go out to balance how much salt they have around them

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21
Q

kindneys of salt water fish

A

tend to excrete really concentrated urine

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22
Q

kidneys of salt water fish

A

excrete large amount of water in urine, very dilute urine

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23
Q

purpose of skin

A

prevent water loss

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24
Q

what makes of epidermis

A

statum corneum, corneocyte, keratinocyte

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25
Q

sources of water for terrestrial animals

A

dietary water, metabolic, drinking water

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26
Q

nitrogen excretion

A

ammonia produced during AA breakdown is toxic and must be exerted, it comes in three forms: ammonia, uric acid, urea

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27
Q

aquatic animals typically have what type of nitrogen excretion

A

ammonia

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28
Q

terrestrial animals typically have what type of nitrogen excretion

A

urea or uric acid

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29
Q

advantages of ammonia excretion

A

released by deamination of amino acids, requires little energy to produce

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30
Q

disadvantages of ammonia excretion

A

highly toxic, requires large volumes of water to store and excrete

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31
Q

uric acid excretion advantages

A

few toxic effects, can be excreted in small volume of water

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32
Q

disadvantages to uric acid excretion

A

few toxic effects, can be excreted in small volume of water

33
Q

which animal would secrete uric acid
field mice
human
jelly fish
osprey
salmon

A

osprey, most birds excrete nitrogen as uric acid

34
Q

which animal would secrete urea
field mice
human
jelly fish
osprey
salmon

A

humans, mice

35
Q

which animal would secrete ammonia

field mice
human
jelly fish
osprey
salmon

A

jelly fish, salmon, most aquatic animals secrete ammonia

36
Q

what are the 6 roles of the kidneys in homeostasis

A

ion balance, osmotic balance, blood pressure, pH balance, excretion of metabolic wastes and toxins, hormone production

37
Q

working portion of the kidney

A

nephron (renal pyramids), it is composed of the renal tubule which is lined with transport epothelium and various segments with specific transport functions

38
Q

is bladder permeable or impremeable to water

A

very impermeable

39
Q

vasculature of the nephron

A

glomerulus: ball of capillaries which is surrounded by the bowmans capsule, capillary beds also surround the renal tubule

40
Q

first part of the nephron

A

bowmans capsule

41
Q

what occurs at the bowmans capsule

A

its where the proximal and distal tubule cross

42
Q

where is urine made

A

in the glomerulus

43
Q

4 processes happening in the nephron

A

filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion

44
Q

filtration in the nephron

A

first step, filtrate of blood formed at the glomerulus

45
Q

reabsorption in the nephron

A

specific molecules in the filtrate are removed

46
Q

secretion in the nephron

A

specific molecules are added to the filtrate

47
Q

excretion in the nephron

A

urine is excreted from the body

48
Q

nephron and valsculature

A

very vascularized

49
Q

where does filtrate flow

A

from bowmans capsule into proximal tubule

50
Q

what can cross the glomerular wall?

A

water and small solutes , blood cells and large macromolecules are not filtered

51
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate

A

pressure across glomerular wall, looks at hydrostatic pressure of glomerular capillary, hydrostatic pressure of bowmans capsule and oncotic pressure

52
Q

what is oncotic pressure

A

osmotic pressure due to protein concentration in the blood

53
Q

what is the glomerular filtration rate

A

rate at which you are making urine

54
Q

regulation of GFR

A

mesangial control (maybe), myogenic regulation, macula densa

55
Q

myogenic regulation of GFR

A

constriction/dilation of afferent arteriole

56
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus- regulation of GFR

A

Macula Densa cells in distal tubule, control diameter of afferent arteriole

57
Q

internal control of GFR

A

intrensic regulators of GFR

58
Q

Macula densa

A

barosensor in jg apparatus that recognizes pressure of urine which causes constriction of afferent arteriole- referred to as chemical signals

59
Q

JG apparatus

A

where the distal tubule is passing in between the afferent arteriole and the efferent arteriole

60
Q

MAP

A

mean arteriole pressure, good measure of blood pressure, high blood pressure leads to making more urine

61
Q

where does filtration occur

A

at the bowmans capsule, it starts the production of primary urine

62
Q

filtration

A

production of filtrate, iso-osmotic

63
Q

where does most of reabsorption occur

A

proximal tubule

64
Q

important property of descending limb

A

impermeable to almost everything except for water

65
Q

where do ADH and aldosterone do most of their work

A

distal tubule and collecting duct

66
Q

what type of flow is occurring at the loop of henle

A

countercurrent

67
Q

what type of flow is occurring at the collecting duct

A

concurrent

68
Q

what type of flow is occurring at the proximal tubule

A

concurrent

69
Q

glucose in urine

A

that is a problem, urine should not have glucose in it, sign of diabetes, you filter it out and then it is reabsorbed later via secondary active transport

70
Q

concentration gradient changes as you move though nephrone

A

proximal and distal tubule low, descending and ascending limb high loop of henle highest osmotic gradient concentration, becuase your removing water get more concentrated, what happens is not that your adding more water its that salts are being removed which lowers concentration

71
Q

what is regulated by vasopressin

A

osmotic concentration of final urine depends on permeability of the collecting duct which is regulated by vasopressin (AVP)

72
Q

hormone effects of kidney function

A

Steroid hormones have slow response, peptide hormones have rapid response

73
Q

what do diuretics do

A

stimuate excretion of water

74
Q

what does vasopressin do

A

increases cell permeability to water which controls BP

75
Q

aldosterone

A

can enter cell via diffusion , steroid hormone, stimulates Na reabsorption, sodium potassium pumps, concentrates blood, meaning water will move into the blood

76
Q

RAA pathway

A

JG cells secrete renin

77
Q

how is renin controlled

A

baroreceptors in JG cells release renin in response to low blood pressure, sympathetic neurons in cardio vascular control center trigger renin in response to low BP
macula densa cells in distal tubule respond to decreases in flow by releasing paracrine signal the induces jg cells to release renenin

78
Q

When is renin secreted

A

when blood pressure or GFR is lower than normal

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