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reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

progeny are genetically identical or very similar to their parents

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2
Q

budding and fragmentation

A

a single individual produces at least one offspring that is genetically identical to the parent

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3
Q

parthenogenesis

A

asexual reproduction in which an egg developes w/o fertilization can be haploid or dipolid. Can be bolgate or faccullative

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4
Q

oblegate

A

do something all the time

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5
Q

faculatitive

A

sometimes do something

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6
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

reproduction of progeny from two parents that contribute nearly equal amounts of genetic material usually haploid + haploid=diploid

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7
Q

why sexual reproduction

A

generates genomic variation at three levels, creates population of distinct genotypes

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8
Q

hermaphrodites

A

capacity to produce egg and sperm, simultaneous hermaphrodites produce egg and sperm at the same time.

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9
Q

serial hermaphrodites

A

change sex in response to environmental cues

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10
Q

protogynous/ protoandrous

A

females become males/ males become females

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11
Q

overview of sexual reproduction

A

fertilization (zygote), cell division (blastula), gastrulation (gastrula) morphogenesis (larva), metamorphosis (nonereproductive juvanile), reproductive development, dealth

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12
Q

Determination of sex by genotype: mammals

A

all mammals use xy determination, male is XY females is XX

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13
Q

sex determination: Birds and butterflies

A

female zw, male zz

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14
Q

bee and ants sex determination

A

fertilized is dipolid female, unfertilized is haplod male

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15
Q

Sex determination by environment

A

TSD dependent sex determination, temp of egg incubation determines sex,

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16
Q

ovipary

A

ova laid and all development occurs externally, fertilization can be external or internal fish reptilies birds, live birth

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17
Q

vivipary

A

young development within the female body fetilization internal, mallams and a few other taxa

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18
Q

Ovo-vivipary

A

ova laid within the mother body, developes and hatches internally untill birth, some fish and reptiles

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19
Q

reproductive hormones responsible for

A

development, sexual maturation, gametogenesis, mating

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20
Q

GnRH

A

gonadotropin releasing hormones, synthesized and released from hypthalamus delivered to anterior pituitary gland.

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21
Q

what are the main goals of GnRH

A

regulates FSH and LH release

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22
Q

Gonadotropins

A

peptide hormones from anterior pitituary, control steroid hormone synthesis in vertebrates

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23
Q

Types of gonadotropins

A

FSH, LH, chronic gonadotropin, only in primates synthesized by the placenta

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24
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

derived from cholesterol, regulation via gene expression, bind to nuclear hormone receptor in target

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25
Q

Steroid hormones in vertebrates

A

produced in the gonads, androgens: testosterone, estrogens: estradiol

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26
Q

Aromatase inhibitors

A

aromatase binds to estrogen, increases testosterone decreases estrogen bc no longer translating testosterone to estrogen aromatase inhibitors stop aromatase

27
Q

Androgens

A

secondary sex characteristics, origin in testes,

28
Q

LH

A

anterior pituitary, leyding cells stimulate androgen synthesis and release

29
Q

FSH

A

anterior pituitary, Sertoli cells stimulate spermatogenesis

30
Q

External fetilization

A

not in vertebrates, most common in aquatic animals

31
Q

number gametes released during external fertilization

A

large numbers of gametes are released, egg and sperm are released together, more cell= more chance for successful fertilization

32
Q

Internal fertilization

A

most common in terrestrial animals, avoid gamete desiccation, provide protection for embryos, usually associated with mating behavior and accessory sex organs

33
Q

Copulatior (external fetilization)

A

permits sperm to move directly from male reproductive system to female

34
Q

requirements of sexual reproduction

A

requires haploid gametes to come in close contact, gametes usually require aqueous environments

35
Q

where do eggs develop in human female reproductive organs

A

corpus luteum

36
Q

what is developed egg called

A

follicues

37
Q

Estrous cycle

A

sexual receptivity coincides with specific phases of cycle, amount of uterine tissue lost is minimal to moderate, when fertile females exhibit behavioral cues and pheromones “in heat” usually females are only receptive to copulation during heat

38
Q

menstral cycle

A

sexual receptivity occurs at many phases of the cycle, amount of uterine tissue lost is substantial, present only in some primates

39
Q

three phases of menstrual cycle

A

follicular, ovulation, luteal

40
Q

Follicular phase

A

primary oocyte within follicle, growing follicle, mature follicle, peak of estrogen

41
Q

what does estrogen inhibit

A

LH, FSH

42
Q

Ovulation

A

ruptured follicule, ovulated secondary oocyte,

43
Q

corpus luteum

A

does not have blood supply can not survive on its own

44
Q

endometrium

A

home for egg, if the egg is fertilized the egg grows to fetus

45
Q

Luteal phase

A

corpus luteum, degenerating corpus luteum

46
Q

if sperm fertilizes the egg

A

get implantation

47
Q

HCG

A

only present during pregnancy, analog of progesterone

48
Q

ovulation to implantation

A

ovulation, fertilization, cleavage, continued cleavage as you move through oviduct, blastocyt implants in the uterus

49
Q

Placenta

A

interface between mother and fetus, composed of cells derived from both.

50
Q

forming of placenta

A

outermost cells of blastula differentiate to form trophoblast which invade endometrium forming an association that will become the placenta

51
Q

placenta in first trimester

A

vital endocrine function, chorion secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) that causes the corpus luteum to continue secreting estrogen and progesterone

52
Q

placenta later in pregnancy

A

produces estrogen and progesterone

53
Q

Parturition (birth) in mammals

A

induced by contractions of smooth muscle (myometrium) of uterus

54
Q

hormone changes in beginning of birth

A

progesterone levels decrease allow uterine muscles to contract, prostaglandins and oxytocin induce uterine contractions

55
Q

what produces oxytocin during brith

A

fetal cells produce oxytocin that cause the placenta to release prostaglandins, hypothalamic pituitary axis releases oxytocin

56
Q

milk production and secretion hormone

A

prolactin

57
Q

what is prolactin and what does it do

A

prolactin is a peptide hormone released from anterior pituitary gland that controls milk production, increases mammary gland mass to increase estrogen levels during pregnancy

58
Q

what suppresses milk production during pregnancy

A

high levels of progesterone and estrogen

59
Q

Oxytocin production

A

sucking, visual, and psychological stimuli, sensory or visual afferent nervous fibers, spinal cord, hypothalamus: magnoneurosecretory cells, posterior pituitary (exocytosis) to oxytocin

60
Q

oxytocin signaling pathway

A

oxytocin, smooth muscles surrounding gland ducts: contraction, milk secretion

61
Q

where are oxytocin receptors

A

on glandular and myoepithelial cells of ducts

62
Q

glandular cells

A

milk synthesis

63
Q

myoepithelial cells

A

surround clusters of milk producing cells

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