Thermogenic hormones

Question 1

Thermoregulation

Answer 1

process where the body regulates temperature

Question 2

ideal temperature in humans

Answer 2

37C

Question 3

ways body generates heat

Answer 3

deep organs like liver, brain, heart, GI system, and skeletal muscles

Question 4

where is the heat lost in the body

Answer 4

the skin

Question 5

rate of heat loss depends on

Answer 5

body composition
environmental temperature

Question 6

body composition with more fat is good for

Answer 6

good insulator and prevents heat loss

Question 7

what is the max heat the body absorb

Answer 7

50C

Question 8

how is internal and external temperature detected

Answer 8

specialized neurons throughout the body
skin

Question 9

which receptors are more present

Answer 9

cold receptors (10x)

Question 10

where can temperature receptors be other than the skin

Answer 10

deep in organs detecting internal temperature

Question 11

where do the receptors send their action potentials

Answer 11

hypothalamus

Question 12

how does the hypothalamus regulate body temp

Answer 12

peripheral vasoconstriction
peripheral vasodilation
shivering
brown adipose tissue
metabolic rate
sweating

Question 13

thermoregulation is active or passive

Answer 13

both

Question 14

passive heat transfer

Answer 14

radiation: infrared radiations are emitted from the skin
conduction: heats surrounding air, object, water
convection: body heats up air that is taken away by a breeze

Question 15

active heat loss

Answer 15

evaporation: panting, sweating

Question 16

thermogenesis

Answer 16

production of heat
passive in body: heat is released by other activities

Question 17

how can heat be produced passively

Answer 17

control of the chemical reaction rate of cells
digestion of food
exercise

Question 18

active heat production

Answer 18

shivering thermogenesis
non-shivering thermogenesis

Question 19

shivering thermogenesis

Answer 19

cold environment or illness, SNS causes muscles to tremor
cold receptors trigger this shivering response and prevents sweating by sending signals to the hypothalamus

Question 20

non-shivering thermogenesis

Answer 20

SNS and hormones like catecholamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, T4 T3 and others increase metabolic rate of body and produce heat

Question 21

what specializes in non-shivering thermogenesis

Answer 21

brown adipose tisue

Question 22

t/f the amount of heat made by BAT is not significant for overall body heat

Answer 22

true

Question 23

why is BAT considered an endocrine gland

Answer 23

primarily responds to hormones

Question 24

structure of BAT

Answer 24

derived from mesenchymal stem cells

Question 25

how does BAT generate heat

Answer 25

express a protein called UCP-1 energy uncoupling

Question 26

uncoupling protein UCP-1

Answer 26

enzyme uncouples mitochondrial ATP energy production

Question 27

how does the UCP-1 generate heat

Answer 27

allows protons to pass the membrane of the mitochondria without interacting with the normal ATP-generating protein

Question 28

does BAT use a lot of energy

Answer 28

yes requires it to pump protons out of the mitochondria

Question 29

how does BAT get energy

Answer 29

fat droplets within the brown adipose cells can also get fat and glucose from extracellular fluid (blood plasma)

Question 30

neural control of BAT

Answer 30

involves the SNS cold receptors send signals to the brain neural stimuli from ANS increase energy consumption and uncoupling of mitochondria in BAT production of heat and secretion of other hormone-peptides

Question 31

how does BAT power the proton gradient

Answer 31

uses FFA and glucose

Question 32

discoveries about BAT

Answer 32

women have more than men older people have less ??

Question 33

how much body fat does BAT consume in a year

Answer 33

4kg

Question 34

where is BAT located in healthy people

Answer 34

supraclavicular and around scapula

Question 35

orexin

Answer 35

neurotransmitter-hormone produced in brain neurons regulates arousal, wakefulness and appetite promotes differentiation of BAT cells and mesenchymal stem cells required for non-shivering thermogenesis

Question 36

incretin

Answer 36

increases the amount of insulin released by beta islet cells of the pancreas stimulates receptors in the hypothalamus promotes BAT thermogenesis

Question 37

DIT hormone

Answer 37

increase non-shivering thermogenesis mechanism unknown

Question 38

T3 T4

Answer 38

increase size number and efficiency of mitochondria = higher basal metabolic rate and heat generation

Question 39

what happens to TSH in chronic cold temperatures

Answer 39

is elevated and can lead to goiters

Question 40

norepinephrine

Answer 40

interaccts with beta3 adrenergic receptors causing activation of hormone sensitive lipase turns fat into FFA used by BAT increases overall body metabolism of glucose by promoting glycogenolysis increases uncoupling and heat generation

Question 41

cold pressor test

Answer 41

CV test that is done by immersing an individual's hand in ide water and measuring the changes in BP and HR

Question 42

what is a pressor

Answer 42

substance that causes vasoconstriction

Question 43

to what are the CV responses of the CPT due

Answer 43

norepinephrine effects