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EXCI360 midterm > Thermogenic hormones > Flashcards

Thermogenic hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Thermoregulation

A

process where the body regulates temperature

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2
Q

ideal temperature in humans

A

37C

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3
Q

ways body generates heat

A

deep organs like liver, brain, heart, GI system, and skeletal muscles

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4
Q

where is the heat lost in the body

A

the skin

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5
Q

rate of heat loss depends on

A

body composition
environmental temperature

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6
Q

body composition with more fat is good for

A

good insulator and prevents heat loss

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7
Q

what is the max heat the body absorb

A

50C

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8
Q

how is internal and external temperature detected

A

specialized neurons throughout the body
skin

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9
Q

which receptors are more present

A

cold receptors (10x)

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10
Q

where can temperature receptors be other than the skin

A

deep in organs detecting internal temperature

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11
Q

where do the receptors send their action potentials

A

hypothalamus

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12
Q

how does the hypothalamus regulate body temp

A

peripheral vasoconstriction
peripheral vasodilation
shivering
brown adipose tissue
metabolic rate
sweating

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13
Q

thermoregulation is active or passive

A

both

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14
Q

passive heat transfer

A

radiation: infrared radiations are emitted from the skin
conduction: heats surrounding air, object, water
convection: body heats up air that is taken away by a breeze

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15
Q

active heat loss

A

evaporation: panting, sweating

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16
Q

thermogenesis

A

production of heat
passive in body: heat is released by other activities

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17
Q

how can heat be produced passively

A

control of the chemical reaction rate of cells
digestion of food
exercise

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18
Q

active heat production

A

shivering thermogenesis
non-shivering thermogenesis

19
Q

shivering thermogenesis

A

cold environment or illness, SNS causes muscles to tremor
cold receptors trigger this shivering response and prevents sweating by sending signals to the hypothalamus

20
Q

non-shivering thermogenesis

A

SNS and hormones like catecholamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, T4 T3 and others increase metabolic rate of body and produce heat

21
Q

what specializes in non-shivering thermogenesis

A

brown adipose tisue

22
Q

t/f the amount of heat made by BAT is not significant for overall body heat

A

true

23
Q

why is BAT considered an endocrine gland

A

primarily responds to hormones

24
Q

structure of BAT

A

derived from mesenchymal stem cells

25
Q

how does BAT generate heat

A

express a protein called UCP-1
energy uncoupling

26
Q

uncoupling protein UCP-1

A

enzyme
uncouples mitochondrial ATP energy production

27
Q

how does the UCP-1 generate heat

A

allows protons to pass the membrane of the mitochondria without interacting with the normal ATP-generating protein

28
Q

does BAT use a lot of energy

A

yes
requires it to pump protons out of the mitochondria

29
Q

how does BAT get energy

A

fat droplets within the brown adipose cells
can also get fat and glucose from extracellular fluid (blood plasma)

30
Q

neural control of BAT

A

involves the SNS
cold receptors send signals to the brain
neural stimuli from ANS
increase energy consumption and uncoupling of mitochondria in BAT
production of heat and secretion of other hormone-peptides

31
Q

how does BAT power the proton gradient

A

uses FFA and glucose

32
Q

discoveries about BAT

A

women have more than men
older people have less
??

33
Q

how much body fat does BAT consume in a year

A

4kg

34
Q

where is BAT located in healthy people

A

supraclavicular and around scapula

35
Q

orexin

A

neurotransmitter-hormone produced in brain neurons
regulates arousal, wakefulness and appetite
promotes differentiation of BAT cells and mesenchymal stem cells
required for non-shivering thermogenesis

36
Q

incretin

A

increases the amount of insulin released by beta islet cells of the pancreas
stimulates receptors in the hypothalamus
promotes BAT thermogenesis

37
Q

DIT hormone

A

increase non-shivering thermogenesis
mechanism unknown

38
Q

T3 T4

A

increase size number and efficiency of mitochondria = higher basal metabolic rate and heat generation

39
Q

what happens to TSH in chronic cold temperatures

A

is elevated and can lead to goiters

40
Q

norepinephrine

A

interaccts with beta3 adrenergic receptors causing activation of hormone sensitive lipase
turns fat into FFA used by BAT

increases overall body metabolism of glucose by promoting glycogenolysis

increases uncoupling and heat generation

41
Q

cold pressor test

A

CV test that is done by immersing an individual’s hand in ide water and measuring the changes in BP and HR

42
Q

what is a pressor

A

substance that causes vasoconstriction

43
Q

to what are the CV responses of the CPT due

A

norepinephrine effects

EXCI360 midterm (9 decks)

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