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EXCI360 midterm > practice quiz > Flashcards

practice quiz Flashcards

1
Q

A person is suspected to have defective adrenal cortex of the adrenal glands, and the doctor asked for a radioimmunoassay on their blood sample. What result might support the idea that the adrenal cortex is defective?

a.high radio-signal for corticotropin
b.high radio-signal for adrenaline
c.low radio-signal for growth hormone
d.high radio-signal for cortisol

A

d. high radio signal for cortisol

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2
Q

How many different types of endocrine glands are in the body? To answer, do not including the tissues, you should consider the adrenal gland and the parathyroid gland each as one type of gland, and we are not counting the pineal gland.

A

7

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3
Q

True or False? “If a hormone is structurally (chemically) based on cholesterol, then its receptor is probably inside the nucleus or cytoplasm of the target cell.”

A

true

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4
Q

A cholesterol-based hormone (structurally speaking) will most likely interact with a receptor that is located on the surface of the cell membrane.

A

false

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5
Q

With a radioimmunoassay for growth hormone, which test results might be a sign of gigantism?
a.Low colour signal from a blood sample
b.High radiation signal from a blood sample
c.Low radiation signal from a blood sample
d.High colour signal from a blood sample

A

c. low radiation from ablood sample

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6
Q

If the entire pituitary gland were surgically removed for some reason, which hormones could still be produced relatively normally after a few days passes?
oxytocin
ACTH
growth hormone
cortisol

A

oxytocin

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7
Q

Which function is not really controlled by endocrine (hormonal) system?
a. Size of mitochondria
b. Growth of body
c. Transport of substances through cell membrane
d. Nerve impulses

A

d. nerve impulses

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8
Q

How many hormones does the parathyroid gland make?

A

1

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9
Q

Oxytocin, structurally speaking, is based on ______ (C: cholesterol, P: Protein/peptide) and it primarily has effects on _________ (F: female, M: male) reproductive biology.

A

protein, female

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10
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary is highly vascularized and probably originated from endothelial tissues during embryonic development?

A

ant pituitary

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11
Q

Due to high concentration of sodium in the blood, the osmoreceptor will _________(S: shrink, G: grow) in the hypothalamus, causing the levels of vasopressin to __________ (R: rise, F: fall) in the blood.

A

shrink
rise

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12
Q

What is perhaps the best and clearest example of a local acting hormone secreted by the pituitary?
neurophysin
growth hormone releasing hormone
growth hormone
prolactin

A

prolactin

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13
Q

A water excess caused by blood doping (where an athlete injects themselves with their own blood) will have what effect on the kidney due to the action of antidiuretic hormone?

a.Decreased water permeability in the renal artery
b.Increased water permeability in the distal tubes and collecting ducts
c.Increased water permeability in the renal vein
d.Decreased water permeability in the distal tubes and collecting ducts

A

d.

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14
Q

A test for growth hormone is done on a patient’s blood sample and comes back with a high level. Other hormone tests are normal. What are two conditions that they could possibly have?

A

gigantism or acromegaly

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15
Q

Which two things does growth hormone do in order to increase protein in a cell?
a.
inhibits DNA turning into RNA, and promotes amino acid uptake by muscle
b.
inhibits DNA turning into RNA, and inhibits amino acid uptake by muscle
c.
promotes RNA turning into DNA, and promotes catabolic enzymes
d.
promotes DNA turning into RNA, and inhibits catabolic enzymes

A

promotes DNA turning into RNA, and inhibits catabolic enzymes

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16
Q

Where is growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) secreted into?

A

median eminence and ant pituitary

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17
Q

If a person were born with a mutation where the gene for anti-diuretic hormone was mutated and the hormone could not be produced, what would happen to their urination rate and urine colour?

A

more frequent, clear colour

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18
Q

What is the cell type that vasopressin acts upon to cause a pressor response?

A

vascular smooth m. cells

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19
Q

Which part of the hypothalamus helps to promote contraction of the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels causing a pressor effect?

A

supra optic nuclei

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20
Q

From the guest lecture, which kinds of cells provide nutrition to spermatogenic cells?
a. Epithelial cells
b. Sertoli cells
c. Leydig cells
d. Leydig and Sertoli cells

A

b. sertoli cells

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21
Q

True or False? “The vast majority of thyroid hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary is thyroxine (T4), which is actually 93% of the secretion.”

A

false

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22
Q

True or False? “A mild thyroiditis with inflammation can cause slight hypothyroidism and an increased secretion of TSH from the anterior pituitary.”

A

true

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23
Q

What physiological parameter is closely involved in the feedback control of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion from the pituitary gland?

A

body temperature

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24
Q

Is a person was feeling weak because their muscles had lost protein, and they are having muscle tremors, which condition might they have? (assuming they went to see a doctor).

A

hyperthyroidism

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25
Q

Which of the following genes could be mutated (deleted) at birth leading to hypothyroidism?
a.
thyroglobulin
b.
iodinase/peroxidase
c.
iodide pump
d.
all of the answers

A

d. all of the answers

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26
Q

What condition could lead to early maturation of bones in a growing child, which may effectively stunt their growth compared to other kids their age?

A

hyperthyroidism

27
Q

What two common symptoms are shared with both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism (even though the exact cause of these symptoms may differ between the two conditions)?
a.
goiters and fatigue
b.
intolerance to heat and mental sluggishness
c.
increased sweating and depressed growth of hair
d.
nervousness and slow heart rate

A

a. goiters and fatigue

28
Q

True or False? “The main reason that the body has 2-3 months worth of thyroid hormones is because large amounts of thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH) can be stored in the anterior pituitary and then released when needed.”

A

false

29
Q

What two common symptoms are exclusive to hypothyroidism and not normally found in hyperthyroidism?

a.
goiters and fatigue
b.
nervousness and slow heart rate
c.
intolerance to heat and increased sweating
d.
depressed growth of hair and mental sluggishness

A

d.
depressed growth of hair and mental sluggishness

30
Q

The general effect of thyroid hormone is to cause nuclear transcription of genes for synthesizing large number of substances in the cells. Which substance (s) does thyroid hormone promote?
a.
transport proteins
b.
enzymes
c.
structural proteins
d.
all of the above answers

A

d. all of the above

31
Q

The chemical structure of aldosterone makes it _______(H: Hydrophilic, L: lipophilic), which indicates that its receptor is found on the ________(I: Inside, S: surface) of the kidney tubular epithelial cells.

A

L, I

32
Q

Which of the following factors does not really (directly) influence the secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex?
a.
renin angiotensin system
b.
sympathetic nervous system
c.
sodium ions
d.
adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)

A

b. sns

33
Q

True or False? “Trauma, like a surgery, can cause release of CRH to hypophysial portal system, release of ACTH from anterior pituitary into blood, and release of cortisol from adrenal cortex.”

A

true

34
Q

For adrenal insufficiency such as Addison’s disease, there can be several possible causes of the disease. Which of the following is not a possible cause of Addison’s disease?
a.
side effects of chemotherapy
b.
autoimmunity
c.
adenoma cancers that produce hormones
d.
infection with tuberculosis

A

c. adenoma cancers that produce hormones

35
Q

When cortisol is secreted by the adrenal cortex, what is most likely to happen to it when it enters the blood plasma?
a.
Bind strongly with globulin (transcortin)
b.
Float free in the blood
c.
Bind loosely with plasma proteins and float free in the blood
d.
Bind loosely with plasma proteins

A

a. bind strongly with globulin

36
Q

Excess levels of aldosterone can cause which serious condition that could result in severe muscle weakness?

A

hypokalemia

37
Q

If a person sprayed aldosterone in their nasal passage using a prescription medication, what would the effect be on the body?
a.
Increases absorption of potassium ions from urine back into the extracellular fluid
b.
Increases absorption of sodium ions from urine back into the extracellular fluid
c.
Increases absorption of sodium ions from urine back into the bone
d.
Increases absorption of sodium ions from bone back into the urine

A

b.
Increases absorption of sodium ions from urine back into the extracellular fluid

38
Q

For adrenal insufficiency such as Addison’s disease, there can be several possible symptoms of the disease. Which of the following is not a possible symptom of Addison’s disease?
a.
loss of sodium from blood and dehydration
b.
low blood glucose between meals
c.
high melanin stimulating hormone and skin spots
d.
high blood pressure

A

d. high BP

39
Q

Cortisol compounds can be used as a therapy in some circumstances. Based on what we learned, which one of the following is a likely therapeutic (beneficial) effect of cortisol-based drugs?
a.
prevent immunological rejection of transplanted kidney
b.
increase allergic reactions
c.
promote immunological rejection of transplanted heart
d.
decrease production of red blood cells

A

a. prevent immunological rejection of transplanted kidney

40
Q

For the adrenal gland hormone excess diseases, too much of hormone has many effects. Which of the following effects is not seen in a person with adrenal hormone excess disease?

a.
excessive glucocorticoids
b.
high blood sugar
c.
pituitary diabetes
d.
increase protein in muscle

A

d. increase protein in muscle

41
Q

Is the statement true or false, an important gland that secretes thyroxine and parathyroid hormone is called the thyroid gland, it is located around the mediastinal or sternal area of the thorax

A

False

42
Q

Which 2 endocrine glands or tissues produce insulin and secretin
A. Thyroid and parathyroid
B. Pancreas and placenta
C. Testes and adrenal
D. Islets of Langerhans and duodenum

A

D

43
Q

A person is suspected of having a defective adrenal cortex and the doctor asked for a radioimmunoassay on their blood sample. What might support the idea that the adrenal cortex is defective?
A. High radio-signal for corticotropin
B. High radio-signal for GH
C. Hugh radio-signal for adrenaline
D. High radio-signal for cortisol

A

D

44
Q

Which of the following effects of GH can lead to diabetes if it’s chronic and uncontrolled
A. Increase in liver glycogen
B. Increase in insulin secretion from islets of Langerhans
C. Increase in fatty acids in blood plasma
D. Increase in amino acids uptake by muscle

A

B

45
Q

True or false? If a person with dwarfism has a lack of GH, but am otherwise normal pituitary gland, they can still develop mature sexual functions

A

True

46
Q

If there was a lesion in the brain that destroyed the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, which hormone would be severely inhibited?
A. All of the pituitary hormones form both lobes
B. Oxytocin
C. All of the posterior pituitary hormones
D. ADH

A

B

47
Q

How many hormones of the hypothalamus are considered releasing factors?

A

4

48
Q

How many hormones are secreted by the 2 lobes of the pituitary gland?

A

8

49
Q

If a person has very high blood pressure, then the baro receptors will _________( relax, stretch) causing the levels of ADH to ________ ( rise, fall) in the blood

A

Stretch, fall

50
Q

Which part of the hypothalamus helps to promote contraction of the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels causing a pressor effect?
A. Supraoptic nuclei
B. Paraventricular nuclei
C. Optic chiasm
D. Mammillary body

A

A

51
Q

From the guest lecture, is the following statement true or false? Inhibin is secreted by sertoli cells

A

True

52
Q

Thyroglobulin is the main component of what part of the thyroid gland.
A. Colloid
B. Tubular cells
C. Thyroid hormones
D. Iodide recycling pathway

A

A

53
Q

Which of the following hormones is not produces within the thyroid gland?
A. Di-iodothyronine
B. Parathyroid hormone
C. Clacitonine
D. Tri-iodothyronine

A

B

54
Q

True or false? The thyroid hormones are quite strong, in fact, when there is a lack of thyroid hormone the basal metabolic rate can increase by up to 100%

A

False

55
Q

What is the effect of high levels of thyroid hormone ofn the body weight of an adult.
A. It depends on how much they eat in response the the change in appetite
B. They will loose weight
C. They will gain weight
D. Their weight will not change

A

A

56
Q

Thyroid hormone will______(increase,decrease) the amount of cholesterol in the plasme, and _____ (increase, decrease) secretion rate of cholesterol into the bile

A

Decrease,increase

57
Q

Thyroid hormones are considered _____(local,general) hormones because they have effects on _____(only one, most) tissue(s) to raise the metabolic rate

A

General, most

58
Q

Which of the following genes would be mutated (deleted) at birth leading to hyperthyroidism
A. Thyroglobulin
B. Iodinase/peroxidase
C. Iodide pump
D. None of the above

A

D

59
Q

Which atom and molecule make up the chemical basis of thyroid hormones
A. Iron and tyramine
B. Sodium and tyramine
C. Sodium and chloride
D. Iodide and tyrosine

A

D

60
Q

Which hormone factor produced in the hypothalamus will ultimately increase the amount of cortisol in the blood
A. ACTH
B. CRF
C. TRH
D. CRH

A

D

61
Q

What basic building block is required for the body to produce aldosterone.
A. Tyrosine
B. Cholesterol
C. Glucose
D. Amino acids

A

B

62
Q

For primary adrenal insufficiency such as addison’s disease, what is the best way to describe the patho-physiology of the disease?
A. Hypothalamus does not produce enough hormone
B. Pituitary gland does not produce enough hormone
C. Hypothalamus produces excessive hormone
D. Adrenal gland does not produce enough hormone

A

D

63
Q

Cortisol is one of the _____(minor,principal) secretions of the zona fasciculata and zona retucularis, and it has predominantly _______(mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid) function

A

PG

64
Q

How many types of hormones can the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

More than 30

EXCI360 midterm (9 decks)

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