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EXCI360 midterm > Introduction to endocrinology > Flashcards

Introduction to endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Hormone definition

A

Chemical substance secreted by a gland, group of glands, tissue
has a physiological control effect on other cells of the body

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2
Q

endocrine definition

A

secretes within the body

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3
Q

exocrine definition

A

secretes outside the body

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4
Q

how much time does it take to see hormonal effects

A

seconds (norepinephrine, epinephrine)
days weeks
months (thyroxine, GH)

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5
Q

how does the nervous system interact with the hormonal system

A

sympathetic nervous system can stimulate adrenal glands
CNS can control the pituitary gland
some hormones are controlled by the nervous system

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6
Q

what functions of the body does the endocrine system control (4)

A

chemical reaction rate of cells
transport of substances through cell membranes
growth of body
secretion of other hormones

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7
Q

pituitary gland anatomy

A

two halves
anterior controlled by other hormones and secretes 6 hormones
posterior pituitary under neural control and secretes 2 hormones

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8
Q

what 6 hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete

A

GH
adrenocorticotropin
thyroid-stimulating hormone
follicle-stiulating hormone
luteinizing hormone
prolactin

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9
Q

what 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete

A

antidiuretic hormone
oxytocin

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10
Q

Adrenal glands

A

2 glands, 1 on top of each kidney
each gland has 2 parts
adrenal cortex under hormonal control and secretes 2 hormones
adrenal medulla under neural control and secretes 2 hormones

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11
Q

what hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete

A

cortisol
aldosterone

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12
Q

what 2 hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete

A

catecholamine hormones
adrenaline
noradrenaline

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13
Q

what hormones does the thyroid secrete

A

thyroxine (T4)
triiodothyronine (T3)
calcitonin

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14
Q

parathyroid glands

A

4 small glands located within the thyroid
secretes 1 hormone

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15
Q

what hormone does the parathyroid secrete

A

parathormone

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16
Q

islets of langerhans

A

in the pancreas
endocrine tissue
secrete several hormones like insulin glucagon

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17
Q

ovaries

A

endocrine gland
produce estrogen and progesterone

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18
Q

testicles

A

produce testosterone

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19
Q

placenta

A

endocrine tissue
secretes human chorionic gonadotropin
estrogens
progesterone
somatomammotropin

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20
Q

duodenum

A

contains brunners glands
secretin hormone
coordinates digestion

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21
Q

brown adipose tissue

A

receives hormonal input to help regulate body temp
not gland or tissue

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22
Q

local hormones

A

specific local effects on specific tissues

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23
Q

secretin

A

released from duodenal wall transported in blood to pancreas
cause pancreas secretions for digestion

24
Q

cholesystokinin

A

released in small intestine transported to gall bladder and causes gallbladder contraction
pancreas cause secretion of digestive enzyme

25
Q

adrenocorticotropin

A

released from pituitary gland stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete adrenocortical hormones

26
Q

general hormones

A

effective on many parts of the body and cause many different reactions
ex: epinephrine, T3 T4 and GH

27
Q

hormones classified on their basic chemical structure

A

steroid
protein
tyrosine

28
Q

steroid hormones

A

based on the cholesterol molecule
hydrophobic
lipophilic
crosses easily plasma membranes of cells

29
Q

where are the receptors for steroid hormones

A

within the cell cytoplasm or nucleus

30
Q

pathway of steroid hormones

A

hormone enters the cytoplasm of the cell
binds with a receptor
diffuse or transported into nucleus
bind to and activate DNA strands
initiate transcription process of genes to form RNA messenger
RNA goes into cytoplasm through nuclear pore complex
promote functions inside the cells

31
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

secreted by adrenal medulla under sympathetic stimulation
secreted by sympathetic nerves
causes constriction of blood vessels and increase of arterial pressure
has effects on most organs and tissues of the body

32
Q

growth hormone

A

released from anterior pituitary
cause growth in all parts of the body

33
Q

thyroid hormone T3 and T4

A

released from thyroid gland
increase chemical reaction rate in almost all body cells

34
Q

tyrosine based hormones

A

important amino acid to make proteins
thyroid gland turns tyrosine into T3 and T4
adrenal medulla can turn tyrosine into epinephrine and norepinephrine

35
Q

how does the thyroid gland use tyrosine

A

adds iodine molecules to tyrosine to make t3 and t4

36
Q

how does the adrenal gland use tyrosine

A

hydroxylates tyrosine to make it hydrophilic

37
Q

where are the receptors for t3 and t4

A

inside the cells

38
Q

chain of events of thyroid hormones

A

TH
binds with receptor in cell nucleus
bind and activare DNA
initiate transcriptions of specific genes to form RNA messenger
RNA goes into cytoplasm through nuclear pore complex
new proteins (enzymes) are formed and become the controller to promote metabolic activities in all cells of body

39
Q

what tyrosine based hormones need to interact with a receptor on the cell surface

A

E
NE
Ach

40
Q

protein based hormones (example)

A

anterior pituitary hormones
posterior pituitary hormones
insulin and glucagon
parathormone

41
Q

protein based hormones

A

hydrophilic
receptors at the surface of cell membrane

42
Q

protein based hormones chain of events

A

bind to receptor
structure change in receptor
receptor becomes activated enzyme adenyl cyclase
activate the formation of cAMP
second messenger activates cascade of enzymes

43
Q

second messenger

A

cell-signaling pathways that communicate between the receptor on the cell surface and the inside of the cell

44
Q

second messenger example

A

cAMP
Ca2+-calmodulin
IP3 and diacylglycerol

45
Q

t/f concentration of hormones is extremely low in blood

A

true

46
Q

how can hormones be measured

A

radioimmunoassay RIA
mass spectrometry

47
Q

RIA

A

the higher the percentage of bound radioactive hormones, the lower the concentration of the natural hormone to be measured

48
Q

mass spectrometry

A

very precise but hard and expensive

49
Q

secretion rate of hormones

A

body can control how much effect the hormone is having
homeostasis

50
Q

what is the most common way of controlling secretion rate

A

negative feedback
inhibits its own secretion when level is high enough

51
Q

direct negative feedback

A

hormone inhibits its own secretion when there is enough of it

52
Q

indirect negative feedback

A

when the effect of the hormone inhibits the secretion

53
Q

direct positive feedback

A

hormone goes back to the gland to promote secretion

54
Q

indirect positive feedback

A

effect promotes the secretion

55
Q

circadian rythm

A

when we sleep different hormones go up and down

56
Q

hormone receptor regulation

A

receptors can be activated or deactivated by altering their second messenger
receptors can be destroyed by enzymes
receptors can be created by synthesis

EXCI360 midterm (9 decks)

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