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BIO1332 - Biochemistry > Thermodynamics > Flashcards

Thermodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

Define thermodynamics:

A

Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, radiation, and physical properties of matter

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2
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

Process by which glucose is converted to pyruvate

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3
Q

What is pyruvate?

A

Most useful molecule for the cell to use to generate energy by reaction with oxygen

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4
Q

What is another way can glycolysis occur?

A

Anaerobically so pyruvate is converted to lactic acid

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5
Q

Define system:

A

Measured and controlled

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6
Q

What does thermodynamics do to the universe?

A

Divided onto two sections:

  • System
  • Surroundings
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7
Q

Define surrounding:

A

Everything else

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8
Q

Finish the sentence: Depending on how the system is defined, matter, energy, work or a combination of these may…

A

cross the boundary

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9
Q

What system do we use so only work and energy can cross the boundary?

A

Closed system

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10
Q

Define closed system:

A

Only work and energy can cross the boundary

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11
Q

What does the first law of thermodynamics state?

A

Engery can neither be created nor destroyed

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12
Q

Describe the first law of thermodynamics in relation to energy, heat and work:

A
  • Energy change of a system is difference between the heat absorbed by the system from the surroundings
  • and the work done by the system on the surrondings
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13
Q

What is the equation for the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Change in U = Q - W

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14
Q

What does U stand for in the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Internal energy of the system

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15
Q

What does Q stand for in the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Heat put into the system

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16
Q

What does W stand for in the first law of thermodynamics?

A

work done by the system on the surroundings

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17
Q

What is motion?

A

Force x distance moved

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18
Q

What different forms can force take?

A
  • Gravitational force Exeter by one mass on another
  • The expansional force exerted by a gas
  • Tensional force of a muscle fibre
  • Electrical force of charge
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19
Q

What is enthalpy (H) equivalent to?

A

Heat

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20
Q

Finish the sentence:

The volume changes in most biochemical reactions are…

A

insignificant

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21
Q

What is the difference between change in U and change in H when volume changes in biochemical reactions?

A

Negligible

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22
Q

What makes the energy change for the reacting system equivalent to its enthalpy change?

A

Differences between change in U and change in H are negligible

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23
Q

What do most spontaneous process release?

A

Internal energy as heat

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24
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

The total entropy of any isolate thermodynamic system tends to increase over time approaching a maximum value

25
Define an isolated system:
Allows no transfer of matter energy or work across the boundary
26
What is entropy (S)?
Measure of the disorder in the system
27
What is the 'orderliness' of a system related to?
How likely an arrangement is to happen by change
28
Finish the sentence: | The more ways in which arrangement could happen by chance, ..
the greater the disorder
29
What is law does the second law of thermodynamics demonstrate?
Law of statistics
30
How do we measure entropy?
S = kB ln W | -Under standard conditions
31
What does S stand for when measuring entropy?
Entropy
32
What does kB stand for when measuring entropy?
Boltzmann constant
33
What does W stand for when measuring entropy?
number of ways
34
What is a problem with the entropy equation?
Quite hard to calculate
35
What are standard conditions?
- Temperature 25 degrees - Pressure at 1 atm - pH at 7.0
36
What is the equation for enthalpy relating to change in U and Uf and U i
Change in U = Uf - Ui
37
What is the equation for entropy relating to change in S and Sf and Si
Change in S = Sf - Si
38
What is energy change in an isolated system equal to?
0
39
Is entropy change greater or less than 0 in an isolated system?
Greater
40
Finish the sentence: | Energy provided to the environment as the heat will create...
further disorder in the environment
41
What does Gibbs free energy combine?
- Change in entropy | - Disorder added to the environment by heat
42
What does Gibbs Free Energy calculate?
Entropy change of the isolated system
43
What is the Gibbs free energy (G) equation?
Change in G = change in H - T*change in S
44
What does G stand for in Gibbs free energy?
Free energy
45
What does H stand for in Gibbs free energy?
Enthalpy
46
What does T stand for in Gibbs free energy?
Temperature
47
What does S stand for in Gibbs free energy?
Entropy
48
In a spontaneous process is change in Gibbs greater or less than 0?
Less than
49
What is the units of Gibbs free energy?
J mol^-1
50
What does free energy depend on?
Concentration of reacting substance (Entropy)
51
What are coupling reactions?
Coupling favourable reactions (change in G >> 0) to unfavourable reactions (change in G >0)
52
What does coupling reaction rely on?
The reverse of the unfavourable reaction being very slow in the cell
53
Do living systems taken in organised energy have high or low enthalpy?
High
54
Do living systems taken in organised energy have high or low entropy?
Low
55
Do living systems which create and maintain order in their own structures by turning disorderly heat energy and wast products have high to low enthalpy?
Low
56
Do living systems which create and maintain order in their own structures by turning disorderly heat energy and wast products have high to low entropy?
High
57
What do enzymes do relating to thermodynamics?
Increase rate of thermodynamically favourable reactions
58
Finish the sentence: | Biological systems operate far from ...
equilibrium

BIO1332 - Biochemistry (19 decks)

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