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BIO1332 - Biochemistry > Thermodynamics > Flashcards

Thermodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

Define thermodynamics:

A

Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, radiation, and physical properties of matter

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2
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

Process by which glucose is converted to pyruvate

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3
Q

What is pyruvate?

A

Most useful molecule for the cell to use to generate energy by reaction with oxygen

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4
Q

What is another way can glycolysis occur?

A

Anaerobically so pyruvate is converted to lactic acid

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5
Q

Define system:

A

Measured and controlled

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6
Q

What does thermodynamics do to the universe?

A

Divided onto two sections:

  • System
  • Surroundings
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7
Q

Define surrounding:

A

Everything else

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8
Q

Finish the sentence: Depending on how the system is defined, matter, energy, work or a combination of these may…

A

cross the boundary

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9
Q

What system do we use so only work and energy can cross the boundary?

A

Closed system

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10
Q

Define closed system:

A

Only work and energy can cross the boundary

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11
Q

What does the first law of thermodynamics state?

A

Engery can neither be created nor destroyed

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12
Q

Describe the first law of thermodynamics in relation to energy, heat and work:

A
  • Energy change of a system is difference between the heat absorbed by the system from the surroundings
  • and the work done by the system on the surrondings
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13
Q

What is the equation for the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Change in U = Q - W

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14
Q

What does U stand for in the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Internal energy of the system

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15
Q

What does Q stand for in the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Heat put into the system

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16
Q

What does W stand for in the first law of thermodynamics?

A

work done by the system on the surroundings

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17
Q

What is motion?

A

Force x distance moved

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18
Q

What different forms can force take?

A
  • Gravitational force Exeter by one mass on another
  • The expansional force exerted by a gas
  • Tensional force of a muscle fibre
  • Electrical force of charge
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19
Q

What is enthalpy (H) equivalent to?

A

Heat

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20
Q

Finish the sentence:

The volume changes in most biochemical reactions are…

A

insignificant

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21
Q

What is the difference between change in U and change in H when volume changes in biochemical reactions?

A

Negligible

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22
Q

What makes the energy change for the reacting system equivalent to its enthalpy change?

A

Differences between change in U and change in H are negligible

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23
Q

What do most spontaneous process release?

A

Internal energy as heat

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24
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

The total entropy of any isolate thermodynamic system tends to increase over time approaching a maximum value

25
Q

Define an isolated system:

A

Allows no transfer of matter energy or work across the boundary

26
Q

What is entropy (S)?

A

Measure of the disorder in the system

27
Q

What is the ‘orderliness’ of a system related to?

A

How likely an arrangement is to happen by change

28
Q

Finish the sentence:

The more ways in which arrangement could happen by chance, ..

A

the greater the disorder

29
Q

What is law does the second law of thermodynamics demonstrate?

A

Law of statistics

30
Q

How do we measure entropy?

A

S = kB ln W

-Under standard conditions

31
Q

What does S stand for when measuring entropy?

A

Entropy

32
Q

What does kB stand for when measuring entropy?

A

Boltzmann constant

33
Q

What does W stand for when measuring entropy?

A

number of ways

34
Q

What is a problem with the entropy equation?

A

Quite hard to calculate

35
Q

What are standard conditions?

A
  • Temperature 25 degrees
  • Pressure at 1 atm
  • pH at 7.0
36
Q

What is the equation for enthalpy relating to change in U and Uf and U i

A

Change in U = Uf - Ui

37
Q

What is the equation for entropy relating to change in S and Sf and Si

A

Change in S = Sf - Si

38
Q

What is energy change in an isolated system equal to?

A

0

39
Q

Is entropy change greater or less than 0 in an isolated system?

A

Greater

40
Q

Finish the sentence:

Energy provided to the environment as the heat will create…

A

further disorder in the environment

41
Q

What does Gibbs free energy combine?

A
  • Change in entropy

- Disorder added to the environment by heat

42
Q

What does Gibbs Free Energy calculate?

A

Entropy change of the isolated system

43
Q

What is the Gibbs free energy (G) equation?

A

Change in G = change in H - T*change in S

44
Q

What does G stand for in Gibbs free energy?

A

Free energy

45
Q

What does H stand for in Gibbs free energy?

A

Enthalpy

46
Q

What does T stand for in Gibbs free energy?

A

Temperature

47
Q

What does S stand for in Gibbs free energy?

A

Entropy

48
Q

In a spontaneous process is change in Gibbs greater or less than 0?

A

Less than

49
Q

What is the units of Gibbs free energy?

A

J mol^-1

50
Q

What does free energy depend on?

A

Concentration of reacting substance (Entropy)

51
Q

What are coupling reactions?

A

Coupling favourable reactions (change in G&raquo_space; 0) to unfavourable reactions (change in G >0)

52
Q

What does coupling reaction rely on?

A

The reverse of the unfavourable reaction being very slow in the cell

53
Q

Do living systems taken in organised energy have high or low enthalpy?

A

High

54
Q

Do living systems taken in organised energy have high or low entropy?

A

Low

55
Q

Do living systems which create and maintain order in their own structures by turning disorderly heat energy and wast products have high to low enthalpy?

A

Low

56
Q

Do living systems which create and maintain order in their own structures by turning disorderly heat energy and wast products have high to low entropy?

A

High

57
Q

What do enzymes do relating to thermodynamics?

A

Increase rate of thermodynamically favourable reactions

58
Q

Finish the sentence:

Biological systems operate far from …

A

equilibrium

BIO1332 - Biochemistry (19 decks)

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