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BIO1332 - Biochemistry > Nomenclature and Isomerism > Flashcards

Nomenclature and Isomerism Flashcards

1
Q

What is an homologous series?

A

Family of chemicals

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2
Q

What must all chemicals in a homologous series be?

A
  • Same functional group
  • Similar chemical properties
  • Each successive member differs by one carbon atom
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3
Q

What are alkenes general formula?

A

CnH2n+2

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4
Q

What is methane chemical formula?

A

CH4

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5
Q

What is ethanes chemical formula?

A

C2H6

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6
Q

What is propanes chemical formula?

A

C3H8

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7
Q

What’s butanes general formula?

A

C4H10

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8
Q

What are alkanes?

A
  • Saturated (no multiple bonds
  • Hydrocarbons
  • Tetrahedral geometry
  • Bond angle = 109.5 degrees
  • Non-polar (similar electronegativities between C and H)
  • Intermolecular forces are van der Waals
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9
Q

What is crude oil?

A

Complex mixture of many different hydrocarbons

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10
Q

What is factional distillation?

A

Separation of liquids depending on their boiling pint

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11
Q

Does the boiling point increase or decrease when chain length increases of alkanes?

A

Increase

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12
Q

What happens when the chain increase relating two the points of contacts between molecules?

A

More points of contacts

More Van der Waal’s forces

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13
Q

What are different types of reactions of alkanes?

A
  • Combustion
  • Cracking, isomerisation reformation
  • Free radical substitution
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14
Q

What is the chain length for fuel gases?

A

1 to 4 Carbons

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15
Q

What is the chain length for gasoline/petrol?

A

5 to 12 carbons

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16
Q

What is the chain length for kerosene?

A

11 to 15 carbons

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17
Q

What is the chain length for diesel?

A

15 to 19 carbons

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18
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural arrangements

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19
Q

How do you name alkenes?

A
  • Determine the number of C atoms in the longest chain
  • Number the chain so the substituent gets the lowest possible number
  • Determine the number of C atoms in the side chain
  • Make the name
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20
Q

What are cycloalkanes?

A

Cyclic hydrocarbons

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21
Q

Describe cycloalkanes:

A
  • Carbons of the molecules are arranged in the form of a ring
  • Are single bonded to each other
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22
Q

What are systematic nomenclature?

A

Names based on those of the parent alkanes

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23
Q

What does the stem show in systematic nomenclature?

A

Shows the number of carbon atoms in longest chain bearing the functional group

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24
Q

What does the suffix show in systematic nomenclature?

A
  • The ending tells you which functional group is present

- If necessary, the position is annotated -2-

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25
What does the prefix show in systematic nomenclature?
- If necessary, a prefix showing the position and identity of any substituents - Side-chain names -appear in alphabetical order (butyl, ethyl, methyl, propyl) - Numbers are separated from names by a hyphen – - Numbers are separated from numbers by a comma , - If identical side-chains appear more than once prefix with di, tri, tetra etc
26
What is the general formula for alkenes?
CnH2n
27
What is the molecular formula for ethene?
C2H4
28
What is the molecular formula for propene?
C3H6
29
What is the functional group of alkene?
C=C bond | Sigma and pie bond
30
Fill in the gap: | Alkenes are ... reactive than the equivalent alkane
more
31
Is there free rotation around a carbon carbon single bond?
Yes
32
Is there free rotation around a carbon carbon double bond?
No
33
What can alkenes exhibit?
stereoisomerism
34
What is stereoisomerism?
Molecules with the same structural formula but with different arrangement of atoms in space
35
What do geometric stereoisomerism have?
Different properties
36
What are the different types of stereoisomerism?
Cis and trans
37
What is the general formula for alkynes?
CnH2n-2
38
What is the molecular formula for ethyne?
C2H2
39
What is the molecular formula for propyne?
C3H4
40
What is the functional group of alkynes?
- Carbon-carbon triple bond | - Sigma and two pie bonds
41
Is the first pie bond more weaker or stronger than the second pie bond?
Stronger
42
Which pie bond is the strongest the first one or the second one?
First one
43
Finish the sentence: | Alkynes are ... reactive than the equivalent alkene
More
44
What is a cis stereoisomer?
Substituents on the same side of double bond
45
What is a trans stereoisomer?
Substituents on the different sides of double bonds
46
What are cis and trans isomers?
interconvert
47
How can cis and trans isomers be interconvert?
Double carbon bond must break
48
What is heteroatom?
Any element other than carbon or hydrogen
49
What are halogens?
The only elements that do not use hybrid orbitals to bond to carbon Bond via unhybridized p orbitals
50
What is the electron configuration of chlorine?
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
51
What are the general formulas of halogenalkanes?
CnH2n+1X
52
What are organic halide?
F, Cl, Br, I
53
Are organic halides non-polar or polar molecules?
Polar molecules
54
Why are organic halides polar molecules?
Difference in F, Cl, Br, I between C and X
55
What can organic halides exhibit?
Structural isomerism Geometric stereoisomers Optical stereoisomers
56
What is structural isomerism?
- Chemical behaviour of structural isomers is different | - Physical properties are usually different
57
What are geometric isomerism?
Physical properties are usually different | Cis ans trans
58
What are optical stereoisomers?
Molecule with chiral centres can exist as two optical isomers - They are mirror images of each other - They are non-superimposable
59
What is a chiral centre?
Central carbon atom bonded to four different groups
60
What cannot be a chiral centre?
- Carbon bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms - Symmetrical centre - Carbon atom double bonded to another atom
61
Do optical isomer have identical or different physical properties?
Identical
62
What is the different in physical properties in optical isomers?
Interaction with plan polarised light
63
Do optical isomers have similar or different biological properties?
Different
64
How are optical isomers biological properties different?
Receptors respond differently to different enantiomers of a compound

BIO1332 - Biochemistry (19 decks)

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