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BIO1332 - Biochemistry > Nomenclature and Isomerism > Flashcards

Nomenclature and Isomerism Flashcards

1
Q

What is an homologous series?

A

Family of chemicals

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2
Q

What must all chemicals in a homologous series be?

A
  • Same functional group
  • Similar chemical properties
  • Each successive member differs by one carbon atom
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3
Q

What are alkenes general formula?

A

CnH2n+2

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4
Q

What is methane chemical formula?

A

CH4

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5
Q

What is ethanes chemical formula?

A

C2H6

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6
Q

What is propanes chemical formula?

A

C3H8

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7
Q

What’s butanes general formula?

A

C4H10

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8
Q

What are alkanes?

A
  • Saturated (no multiple bonds
  • Hydrocarbons
  • Tetrahedral geometry
  • Bond angle = 109.5 degrees
  • Non-polar (similar electronegativities between C and H)
  • Intermolecular forces are van der Waals
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9
Q

What is crude oil?

A

Complex mixture of many different hydrocarbons

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10
Q

What is factional distillation?

A

Separation of liquids depending on their boiling pint

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11
Q

Does the boiling point increase or decrease when chain length increases of alkanes?

A

Increase

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12
Q

What happens when the chain increase relating two the points of contacts between molecules?

A

More points of contacts

More Van der Waal’s forces

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13
Q

What are different types of reactions of alkanes?

A
  • Combustion
  • Cracking, isomerisation reformation
  • Free radical substitution
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14
Q

What is the chain length for fuel gases?

A

1 to 4 Carbons

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15
Q

What is the chain length for gasoline/petrol?

A

5 to 12 carbons

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16
Q

What is the chain length for kerosene?

A

11 to 15 carbons

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17
Q

What is the chain length for diesel?

A

15 to 19 carbons

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18
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural arrangements

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19
Q

How do you name alkenes?

A
  • Determine the number of C atoms in the longest chain
  • Number the chain so the substituent gets the lowest possible number
  • Determine the number of C atoms in the side chain
  • Make the name
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20
Q

What are cycloalkanes?

A

Cyclic hydrocarbons

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21
Q

Describe cycloalkanes:

A
  • Carbons of the molecules are arranged in the form of a ring
  • Are single bonded to each other
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22
Q

What are systematic nomenclature?

A

Names based on those of the parent alkanes

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23
Q

What does the stem show in systematic nomenclature?

A

Shows the number of carbon atoms in longest chain bearing the functional group

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24
Q

What does the suffix show in systematic nomenclature?

A
  • The ending tells you which functional group is present

- If necessary, the position is annotated -2-

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25
Q

What does the prefix show in systematic nomenclature?

A
  • If necessary, a prefix showing the position and identity of any substituents
  • Side-chain names -appear in alphabetical order (butyl, ethyl, methyl, propyl)
  • Numbers are separated from names by a hyphen –
  • Numbers are separated from numbers by a comma ,
  • If identical side-chains appear more than once prefix with di, tri, tetra etc
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26
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

27
Q

What is the molecular formula for ethene?

28
Q

What is the molecular formula for propene?

29
Q

What is the functional group of alkene?

A

C=C bond

Sigma and pie bond

30
Q

Fill in the gap:

Alkenes are … reactive than the equivalent alkane

31
Q

Is there free rotation around a carbon carbon single bond?

32
Q

Is there free rotation around a carbon carbon double bond?

33
Q

What can alkenes exhibit?

A

stereoisomerism

34
Q

What is stereoisomerism?

A

Molecules with the same structural formula but with different arrangement of atoms in space

35
Q

What do geometric stereoisomerism have?

A

Different properties

36
Q

What are the different types of stereoisomerism?

A

Cis and trans

37
Q

What is the general formula for alkynes?

38
Q

What is the molecular formula for ethyne?

39
Q

What is the molecular formula for propyne?

40
Q

What is the functional group of alkynes?

A
  • Carbon-carbon triple bond

- Sigma and two pie bonds

41
Q

Is the first pie bond more weaker or stronger than the second pie bond?

42
Q

Which pie bond is the strongest the first one or the second one?

43
Q

Finish the sentence:

Alkynes are … reactive than the equivalent alkene

44
Q

What is a cis stereoisomer?

A

Substituents on the same side of double bond

45
Q

What is a trans stereoisomer?

A

Substituents on the different sides of double bonds

46
Q

What are cis and trans isomers?

A

interconvert

47
Q

How can cis and trans isomers be interconvert?

A

Double carbon bond must break

48
Q

What is heteroatom?

A

Any element other than carbon or hydrogen

49
Q

What are halogens?

A

The only elements that do not use hybrid orbitals to bond to carbon
Bond via unhybridized p orbitals

50
Q

What is the electron configuration of chlorine?

A

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

51
Q

What are the general formulas of halogenalkanes?

52
Q

What are organic halide?

A

F, Cl, Br, I

53
Q

Are organic halides non-polar or polar molecules?

A

Polar molecules

54
Q

Why are organic halides polar molecules?

A

Difference in F, Cl, Br, I between C and X

55
Q

What can organic halides exhibit?

A

Structural isomerism
Geometric stereoisomers
Optical stereoisomers

56
Q

What is structural isomerism?

A
  • Chemical behaviour of structural isomers is different

- Physical properties are usually different

57
Q

What are geometric isomerism?

A

Physical properties are usually different

Cis ans trans

58
Q

What are optical stereoisomers?

A

Molecule with chiral centres can exist as two optical isomers

  • They are mirror images of each other
  • They are non-superimposable
59
Q

What is a chiral centre?

A

Central carbon atom bonded to four different groups

60
Q

What cannot be a chiral centre?

A
  • Carbon bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms
  • Symmetrical centre
  • Carbon atom double bonded to another atom
61
Q

Do optical isomer have identical or different physical properties?

62
Q

What is the different in physical properties in optical isomers?

A

Interaction with plan polarised light

63
Q

Do optical isomers have similar or different biological properties?

64
Q

How are optical isomers biological properties different?

A

Receptors respond differently to different enantiomers of a compound

BIO1332 - Biochemistry (19 decks)

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