Functional Groups Flashcards
Criteria for Carbon-carbon single bond:
- Formed between overlap of two sp3 hybrid orbitals
- Result in a s-bond
- Tetrahedral shape around each carbon atom
Criteria for Carbon-carbon double bond:
- Formed between the overlap of two sp2 hybrid orbitals and two unhybridized p orbitals
- Result in a s-bond and a p-bond
- Triganol shape around each carbon atom
Criteria for Carbon-carbon triple bond:
- Formed between the overlap of two sp hybrid orbitals and four unhybridized p orbitals
- Result in a s-bond and two p-bonds
- Linear shape around each carbon atom
Describe a carbon bonding to halogens:
- Form single bonds
- Halogens do not use hybrid orbitals to bond to carbon
- Alkyl halides
Describe a carbon bonding to oxygen:
- Can be through single bonds or double bonds
- Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic acids, Ethers, Esters
Describe a carbon bonding to nitrogen:
- Can be through single bonds, double bonds or triple bonds
- Amines, Imines, Nitriles, Amides
What is oxygens electrons configuration?
1s2 2s2 2p4
Can carbon-oxygen bond between hybrid orbitals?
Yes
What functional group do alcohols have?
-OH (hydroxyl group)
What functional group do aldehydes have?
-CHO (Terminal carbonyl group)
What functional group do ketones have?
-C=O (carbonyl group)
What functional group do carboxylic acids have?
-COOH (Terminal carbonyl and hydroxyl group)
What order are alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids from lowest to highest in terms of oxidation level?
alcohols
aldehydes
ketones
carboxylic acids
What functional group do ethers have?
An oxygen connected to two alkyl or aromatic groups
What functional group do esters have?
Derived drom a carboxylic acid
If a molecule contains a functional group plus an OH group what should you do?
- Use prefix hydroxy
- e.g. 3-hydroxypentanoic acid
Can nitrogen bond to carbon atoms through hybrid orbitals?
Yes
What is nitrogens electrons configuration?
1s2 2s2 2p3
What functional group do amines have?
Contains single bonded nitrogen
What functional group do imines have?
Posses a carbon nitrogen double bond
What functional group do nitriles have?
Posses a carbon nitrogen triple bond
What order from lowest to highest are amines, imines and nitriles in terms of oxidation?
amines
imines
nitriles
What functional group do amides have?
-Amides
Comprise a carbonyl group (-C=O) attached to an amine group
-Can be primary, secondary or tertiary
What functional group do amino acids have?
Contain a primary amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) group
