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BIO1332 - Biochemistry > Functional Groups > Flashcards

Functional Groups Flashcards

1
Q

Criteria for Carbon-carbon single bond:

A
  • Formed between overlap of two sp3 hybrid orbitals
  • Result in a s-bond
  • Tetrahedral shape around each carbon atom
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2
Q

Criteria for Carbon-carbon double bond:

A
  • Formed between the overlap of two sp2 hybrid orbitals and two unhybridized p orbitals
  • Result in a s-bond and a p-bond
  • Triganol shape around each carbon atom
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3
Q

Criteria for Carbon-carbon triple bond:

A
  • Formed between the overlap of two sp hybrid orbitals and four unhybridized p orbitals
  • Result in a s-bond and two p-bonds
  • Linear shape around each carbon atom
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4
Q

Describe a carbon bonding to halogens:

A
  • Form single bonds
  • Halogens do not use hybrid orbitals to bond to carbon
  • Alkyl halides
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5
Q

Describe a carbon bonding to oxygen:

A
  • Can be through single bonds or double bonds

- Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic acids, Ethers, Esters

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6
Q

Describe a carbon bonding to nitrogen:

A
  • Can be through single bonds, double bonds or triple bonds

- Amines, Imines, Nitriles, Amides

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7
Q

What is oxygens electrons configuration?

A

1s2 2s2 2p4

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8
Q

Can carbon-oxygen bond between hybrid orbitals?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What functional group do alcohols have?

A

-OH (hydroxyl group)

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10
Q

What functional group do aldehydes have?

A

-CHO (Terminal carbonyl group)

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11
Q

What functional group do ketones have?

A

-C=O (carbonyl group)

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12
Q

What functional group do carboxylic acids have?

A

-COOH (Terminal carbonyl and hydroxyl group)

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13
Q

What order are alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids from lowest to highest in terms of oxidation level?

A

alcohols
aldehydes
ketones
carboxylic acids

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14
Q

What functional group do ethers have?

A

An oxygen connected to two alkyl or aromatic groups

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15
Q

What functional group do esters have?

A

Derived drom a carboxylic acid

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16
Q

If a molecule contains a functional group plus an OH group what should you do?

A
  • Use prefix hydroxy

- e.g. 3-hydroxypentanoic acid

17
Q

Can nitrogen bond to carbon atoms through hybrid orbitals?

A

Yes

18
Q

What is nitrogens electrons configuration?

A

1s2 2s2 2p3

19
Q

What functional group do amines have?

A

Contains single bonded nitrogen

20
Q

What functional group do imines have?

A

Posses a carbon nitrogen double bond

21
Q

What functional group do nitriles have?

A

Posses a carbon nitrogen triple bond

22
Q

What order from lowest to highest are amines, imines and nitriles in terms of oxidation?

A

amines
imines
nitriles

23
Q

What functional group do amides have?

A

-Amides
Comprise a carbonyl group (-C=O) attached to an amine group
-Can be primary, secondary or tertiary

24
Q

What functional group do amino acids have?

A

Contain a primary amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) group

25
Q

What do electrons in different orbitals do?

A

Repel each other

26
Q

Describe methane in terms of orbital hybridisation:

A
  • carbon sp3 hybrid orbital mix with hydrogen 1s orbitals

- 4 sigma bonds to four hydrogen atoms

27
Q

What shape is the result of four electron pairs?

A

Tetrahedral arrangement

28
Q

What happens to the bond angle when a lone-pair are in an sp3 orbital?

A

Minus 2.2 from 109.5

29
Q

What happens to the bond angle when two lone-pair are in an sp3 orbital?

A

Minus 5 from 109.5

30
Q

What shape is sp2 hybridised atom?

A

Trigonal planar

31
Q

What shape is sp hybridised atom?

A

Linear

32
Q

What is structural isomers?

A

Different physical and chemical properties

33
Q

Why amino acid doesn’t exhibit optical stereoisomerism?

A

Glycine

34
Q

What are functional isomerism?

A

Same chemical formula but different functional group

35
Q

What type of isomerism do amino acids exhibit?

A

Optical isomerism

BIO1332 - Biochemistry (19 decks)

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