Thermodynamics Flashcards
what system allows both energy and matter to be exachanged with the surroundings
open system
what system allows only energy to be exachanged with the surroundings
closed system
what system allows neither energy nor matter to be exachanged with the surroundings
isolated system
is glucose low entropy or high entropy and why?
low entropy because of the precise way of bonding
What is the measure of the spread of energy and matter
Entropy
what is the amount of heat in a system
enthalpy
is a process spontaneous or non spontaneous if there is an input of energy
non spontaneous
is a process spontaneous or non spontaneous if there is no input of energy
spontaneous
system takes heat from surroundings
endothermic
ΔH positive
endothermic
release of heat to surroundings
exothermic
ΔH is negative
exothermic
do spontaneous processes prefer to tend to be exothermic or endothermic
exothermic
is greater entropy spontaneous or non spontaneous
spontaneous
free energy of product < free energy of reactant
spontanous and ΔG is negative
free energy of product > free energy of reactant
ΔG is positive and non spontaneous
free energy of reactant > free energy of product
ΔG is negative and spontaneous
free energy of reactant < free energy of product
non spontanous and ΔG is positive
spontanous process in terms of free energy
exergonic
what type of free energy process is when free energy of reactant > free energy of product? exergonic or endergonic
exergonic ΔG is negative
what type of process is when free energy of product > free energy of reactants? exergonic or endergonic
endergonic ΔG
what type of free energy process is non spontaneous
endergonic
what do you call the amount of energy to start a reaction
activation energy
when can an endothermic reaction be exergonic
when ΔS (enthalpy) is too big such as when ice melts
what do you call the state when the no. of reactant molecules to product = no. of molecules being converted back to reactants?
equilibrium
what happened when there is equilibrium
no more overall change in concentration of products and gradients
why is life able to have increasing entropy?
because it is an open system
why do we need to constantly eat?
because entropy is constantly increasing which breaks down cellular components
what kind of system is earth?
closed
what is a metabolic pathway?
a metabolic pathway is a series of individual reactions that make up metabolism that occur one reaction at a time
what is a catabolic pathway
a series of chemical reactions to break doen complex molecules into smaller and less complex ones
what type of metabolic pathway is cellular respiration
catabolic pathway
what is an anabolic pathway
a pathway that converst smaller simple molecules to latger complex ones
how many carbons does ATP have?
5 carbons
how many phosphate groups does ATP have
3 phosphate groups
what is ATP made of?
5 carbon sugar (ribose), 3 phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous base
how does ATP release energy
ATP releases energy when the terminal phosphate group is broken because there is a greater energy released when ADP and Pi are formed
what mind of system are biological systems
open systems
What is the first law of thermodynamics
Energy is neither created nor destroyed
what is the second law of thermodynamics
the total entropy of the system is always increasing
when can the entropy of a system decrease
when the increase of entropy in the surroundings is greater
do all cellular reactions have negative free energy change?
yes
what is a metabolic pathway
a metabolic pathway is a linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell
