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BIOL241 > Enzymes > Flashcards

Enzymes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of Ionized Amino Acids

A

Amino group, Carboxyl group, R group, alpha carbon (with an H bond)

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2
Q

What link is made between amino acids

A

peptide bonds

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3
Q

When amino acids link together, what groups make a peptide bond and which atoms?

A

Carbon of the carbonyl group and Nitrogen of the Amide group

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4
Q

What kind of bond is a peptide bond

A

covalent bond

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5
Q

What occurs when amino acid bonds are made

A

dehydration reaction (H2O) is lost

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6
Q

what is at the end of an amino acid chain

A

amino terminus (n-term)

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7
Q

what is at the start of amino acid chains

A

carboxyl terminus (c-term)

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8
Q

How can you tell when an R group is hydrophobic?

A

when there are non-polar bonds (C-C, C-H) and have no charges

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9
Q

How do you know when an R group is Hydrophilic

A

Has oxygen and nitrogen and can have charges (there can be nitrogen in hydrophobic R chains but in hydrophilic chains where there is ONLY nitrogen there is usually a charge)

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10
Q

What do you call a negatively charged amino acid

A

negatively charged (acidic) polar amino acids

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11
Q

what do you call a positively charged amino acid?

A

positively charged (basic) polar amino acid

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12
Q

Where do Hydrophilic R side chains reside in folded proteins

A

exterior as they are attracted to water

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13
Q

Where do Hydrophobic R side chains reside in folded proteins

A

Interior as they are repelled by water

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14
Q

Polymer of amino acids

A

Peptide

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15
Q

polymer of more than 10 amino acids

A

Polypeptides

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16
Q

Polypeptides folded into 3d shapes

A

Proteins

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17
Q

What are most enzymes made of?

A

Proteins

18
Q

What structure consists of a sequence of amino acids

A

1° Structure - Polypeptide

19
Q

What structure is made from the primary structures folded into helices

A

2° structure: Alpha helices

20
Q

What bonds in the proteins to create an alpha helix structure

A

Oxygen in Carbonyl group and Hydrogen in amide group

21
Q

What type of bond does the hydrogen and oxygen make to hold alpha helices together?

A

hydrogen bond

22
Q

What structure consists of polypeptides folded into sheets

A

2 ° Structure: Beta sheets

23
Q

What bonds are form to hold B sheets together

A

hydrogen bonds between carbonyl group and amide group

24
Q

What type of structure is composed of secondary structures folded into 3D shapes

A

3° Structure

25
Q

What groups interact to make 3° structures?

A

R groups interacting together (hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, vander waals, covalent bonds)

26
Q

The overall shape of a protein

A

3 ° tertiary structure

27
Q

What structure is made out of tertiary structures

A

4 ° structures

28
Q

Energy required to get a reaction going

A

Activation energy

29
Q

What state is when the activation energy is being overcome

A

Transition state

30
Q

what are ways to speed up chemical reactions

A

increase temperatures, increase concentration of reactants, add a catalyst (enzyme, ribozyme)

31
Q

what do enzymes do?

A

decrease activation energy

32
Q

does the change in free energy get affected by enzymes?

A

no

33
Q

where can substrates bind in ezymes

A

active site

34
Q

what does ES complex mean

A

Enzyme-substrate complex after the substrate binds to enzyme

35
Q

what are the 3 ways enzymes lower activation energy

A

bring molecules together, exposing reactant to altered charged environments that promote catalysis, change the shape of a substrate molecule

36
Q

Rate of enzyme reaction

A

enzyme kinetics

37
Q

what is the loss of protein activity

A

inactivation

38
Q

loss of protein structure

A

densturation

39
Q

enzymes work best at what PH

A

7

40
Q

what temperate is the enzyme most stable

A

37 C

BIOL241 (6 decks)

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