Enzymes Flashcards
What are the parts of Ionized Amino Acids
Amino group, Carboxyl group, R group, alpha carbon (with an H bond)
What link is made between amino acids
peptide bonds
When amino acids link together, what groups make a peptide bond and which atoms?
Carbon of the carbonyl group and Nitrogen of the Amide group
What kind of bond is a peptide bond
covalent bond
What occurs when amino acid bonds are made
dehydration reaction (H2O) is lost
what is at the end of an amino acid chain
amino terminus (n-term)
what is at the start of amino acid chains
carboxyl terminus (c-term)
How can you tell when an R group is hydrophobic?
when there are non-polar bonds (C-C, C-H) and have no charges
How do you know when an R group is Hydrophilic
Has oxygen and nitrogen and can have charges (there can be nitrogen in hydrophobic R chains but in hydrophilic chains where there is ONLY nitrogen there is usually a charge)
What do you call a negatively charged amino acid
negatively charged (acidic) polar amino acids
what do you call a positively charged amino acid?
positively charged (basic) polar amino acid
Where do Hydrophilic R side chains reside in folded proteins
exterior as they are attracted to water
Where do Hydrophobic R side chains reside in folded proteins
Interior as they are repelled by water
Polymer of amino acids
Peptide
polymer of more than 10 amino acids
Polypeptides
Polypeptides folded into 3d shapes
Proteins
What are most enzymes made of?
Proteins
What structure consists of a sequence of amino acids
1° Structure - Polypeptide
What structure is made from the primary structures folded into helices
2° structure: Alpha helices
What bonds in the proteins to create an alpha helix structure
Oxygen in Carbonyl group and Hydrogen in amide group
What type of bond does the hydrogen and oxygen make to hold alpha helices together?
hydrogen bond
What structure consists of polypeptides folded into sheets
2 ° Structure: Beta sheets
What bonds are form to hold B sheets together
hydrogen bonds between carbonyl group and amide group
What type of structure is composed of secondary structures folded into 3D shapes
3° Structure
What groups interact to make 3° structures?
R groups interacting together (hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, vander waals, covalent bonds)
The overall shape of a protein
3 ° tertiary structure
What structure is made out of tertiary structures
4 ° structures
Energy required to get a reaction going
Activation energy
What state is when the activation energy is being overcome
Transition state
what are ways to speed up chemical reactions
increase temperatures, increase concentration of reactants, add a catalyst (enzyme, ribozyme)
what do enzymes do?
decrease activation energy
does the change in free energy get affected by enzymes?
no
where can substrates bind in ezymes
active site
what does ES complex mean
Enzyme-substrate complex after the substrate binds to enzyme
what are the 3 ways enzymes lower activation energy
bring molecules together, exposing reactant to altered charged environments that promote catalysis, change the shape of a substrate molecule
Rate of enzyme reaction
enzyme kinetics
what is the loss of protein activity
inactivation
loss of protein structure
densturation
enzymes work best at what PH
7
what temperate is the enzyme most stable
37 C
