Thermochemistry, Kinetics & Gas Laws Flashcards
Positive ΔG
The equilibrium constant is between 0 and 1
Voigt model (elasticity and viscosity are in parallel)
The ability of the viscous component to stretch infinitely is limited by the elastic component (when in parallel, one is limited by the other)
Elongation of the spring component: F = kx
x = elongation, k = spring constant, F = force
Looking for elongation: x = F/k
If elasticity were removed, what would happen to the viscous component?
Rate of flow would be proportional to the pressure difference between adjacent locations until flow became turbulent
Velocity
= d / t OR (µep + µeof)E
E = V / L
t = (dL/ (µep + µeof)V)
Charge barrier damaged
Small proteins are expected to flow almost freely across the glomerulus
Transferrin will pass the size barrier but would typically be stopped by the charge barrier, thus it will have greater clearance than in a healthy individual
- The smaller, the better the chance of passing through
Decrease in temperature of a parcel of hot air rising from a smoke stack is a result of:
The expansion of the parcel; since the parcel of air does work , its internal energy decreases, and so its temp does too
Adiabatically
No transfer of heat during an adiabatic process
Lower altitude (air)
Air is denser, thus a given volume will weigh more; therefore, it will also have a greater buoyant force applied to it
Conduction
Combustion
Convection
Water is converted to steam
Centripetal force is provided by the tension in the arm:
F = mv^2/r
Circumference =
C = 2pi(r)
24 revs per second (C) = distance m/s (linear velocity)
F = 40,000 N = 40 kN
Velocity =
V = V(0) + at
Boltzmann constant
3/2kB (T) = 1/2mv^2
Ki
Never changes, because it is an equilibrium constant; thus it will not be affected by a change in [I]
Catalysis
Does not change thermodynamics
By Hess’s law
The heat of reaction will sum and be the same; the fact that the rxn can be broken down into smaller steps will not change the overall thermodynamics
Reactants
Ultimately must be close together to react to one another
Thr rxn between NADH and ubiquinone is exergonic, but the rxn when catalyzed by NA+-NQR, it does not generate much heat; explain this difference.
The rxn is coupled to the movement of a charged particle against a concentration gradient; the movement of a charged particle against its concentration gradient is energetically costly, coupling the two processes: the redox rxn between NADH and ubiquinone and the movement of Na+ up the concentration gradient makes the overall process less exothermic
Pressure in two containers
The pressure at a point 10cm below the surface of the liquid is the same in both flasks because the pressure is equal to the liquid density multiplied by the gravitational acceleration multiplied by 10cm
How many mols contained at 0C and 1atm?
1 mole of gas in a volume of 22.4 L = 2.24 x 10^4 cm^3;
so in 11 cm^3 there is 5 x 10^-4 moles
How many mols contained at 0C and 1atm?
1 mole of gas in a volume of 22.4 L = 2.24 x 10^4 cm^3;
so in 11 cm^3 there is 5 x 10^-4 moles
Hill coefficient of 2.56
Indicates positive cooperativity because the value is greater than 1
