Thermochemistry, Kinetics & Gas Laws

Question 1

Positive ΔG

Answer 1

The equilibrium constant is between 0 and 1

Question 2

Voigt model (elasticity and viscosity are in parallel)

Answer 2

The ability of the viscous component to stretch infinitely is limited by the elastic component (when in parallel, one is limited by the other)

Question 3

Elongation of the spring component: F = kx

Answer 3

x = elongation, k = spring constant, F = force
Looking for elongation: x = F/k

Question 4

If elasticity were removed, what would happen to the viscous component?

Answer 4

Rate of flow would be proportional to the pressure difference between adjacent locations until flow became turbulent

Question 5

Velocity

Answer 5

= d / t OR (µep + µeof)E
E = V / L
t = (dL/ (µep + µeof)V)

Question 6

Charge barrier damaged

Answer 6

Small proteins are expected to flow almost freely across the glomerulus
Transferrin will pass the size barrier but would typically be stopped by the charge barrier, thus it will have greater clearance than in a healthy individual
- The smaller, the better the chance of passing through

Question 7

Decrease in temperature of a parcel of hot air rising from a smoke stack is a result of:

Answer 7

The expansion of the parcel; since the parcel of air does work , its internal energy decreases, and so its temp does too

Question 8

Adiabatically

Answer 8

No transfer of heat during an adiabatic process

Question 9

Lower altitude (air)

Answer 9

Air is denser, thus a given volume will weigh more; therefore, it will also have a greater buoyant force applied to it

Question 10

Conduction

Answer 10

Combustion

Question 11

Convection

Answer 11

Water is converted to steam

Question 12

Centripetal force is provided by the tension in the arm:

Answer 12

F = mv^2/r

Question 13

Circumference =

Answer 13

C = 2pi(r)
24 revs per second (C) = distance m/s (linear velocity)
F = 40,000 N = 40 kN

Question 14

Velocity =

Answer 14

V = V(0) + at

Question 15

Boltzmann constant

Answer 15

3/2kB (T) = 1/2mv^2

Question 16

Ki

Answer 16

Never changes, because it is an equilibrium constant; thus it will not be affected by a change in [I]

Question 17

Catalysis

Answer 17

Does not change thermodynamics

Question 18

By Hess’s law

Answer 18

The heat of reaction will sum and be the same; the fact that the rxn can be broken down into smaller steps will not change the overall thermodynamics

Question 19

Reactants

Answer 19

Ultimately must be close together to react to one another

Question 20

Thr rxn between NADH and ubiquinone is exergonic, but the rxn when catalyzed by NA+-NQR, it does not generate much heat; explain this difference.

Answer 20

The rxn is coupled to the movement of a charged particle against a concentration gradient; the movement of a charged particle against its concentration gradient is energetically costly, coupling the two processes: the redox rxn between NADH and ubiquinone and the movement of Na+ up the concentration gradient makes the overall process less exothermic

Question 21

Pressure in two containers

Answer 21

The pressure at a point 10cm below the surface of the liquid is the same in both flasks because the pressure is equal to the liquid density multiplied by the gravitational acceleration multiplied by 10cm

Question 22

How many mols contained at 0C and 1atm?

Answer 22

1 mole of gas in a volume of 22.4 L = 2.24 x 10^4 cm^3;
so in 11 cm^3 there is 5 x 10^-4 moles

Question 23

How many mols contained at 0C and 1atm?

Answer 23

1 mole of gas in a volume of 22.4 L = 2.24 x 10^4 cm^3;
so in 11 cm^3 there is 5 x 10^-4 moles

Question 24

Hill coefficient of 2.56

Answer 24

Indicates positive cooperativity because the value is greater than 1

Question 25

Low Ea vs high

Answer 25

Rapid vs slow