Therapy and Treatment Flashcards
Deinstitutionalization
•The closing of large asylums, by providing for people to stay in their communities and be treated locally
Involuntary Treatment
•Refers to therapy that is not the individual’s choice
Voluntary Treatment
•Individuals chooses to attend therapy to obtain relief from symptoms
Psychotherapy
•A psychological treatment that employs various methods to help someone overcome personal problems, or to attain personal growth
Psychotherapy: Psychoanalysis
•Talk therapy based on belief that the unconscious and childhood conflicts impact behavior
Free Association
•The patient relaxes and then says whatever comes to mind at the moment
Dream Analysis
•Therapists interpret the underlying meaning of dreams
Transference
•The patients transfers all the positive or negative emotions associated with the patient’s other relationships to the psychoanalyst
Psychotherapy: Play therapy
•Psychoanalytical therapy wherein interaction with toys is used instead of talk; used in child therapy
Psychotherapy: Behavior therapy
•Therapists employ principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors rather than digging deeply into one’s unconscious
Counter-conditioning
•A client learns a new response to a stimulus that has previously elicited an undesirable behavior
What are the two Counter-conditioning Techniques?
- Aversive conditioning – uses an unpleasant stimulus to stop undesirable behavior; used to eliminate addictive behaviors
- Exposure therapy – therapist seeks to treat clients’ fears or anxiety by presenting them with the object or situation that causes their problem, with the idea that they will eventually get used to it; done via reality, imagination, or virtual reality
What is a Popular form of Exposure Therapy?
- Systematic desensitization – wherein a calm and pleasant state is gradually associated with increasing levels of anxiety-inducing stimuli
- The idea is that you can’t be nervous and relaxed at the same time. Therefore, if you can learn to relax when you are facing environmental stimuli that make you nervous or fearful, you can eventually eliminate your unwanted fear response
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
- Stimulation is used to help conquer fears
* Used to treat numerous anxiety disorders such as the fear of public speaking, claustrophobia, aviophobia and PTSD
Token Economy
•Involves a controlled setting where individuals are reinforced for desirable behaviors with tokens that can be exchanged for items or privileges
Psychotherapy: Cognitive Therapy
- Awareness of cognitive process helps patients eliminate thought patterns that lead to distress
- Therapists help their clients change dysfunctional thoughts in order to relieve distress
- Help them see how they misinterpret a situation (cognitive distortion)
Psychotherapy: Cognitive-behavioral Therapy (CBT)
- Helps clients examine how their thoughts affect their behavior
- Aims to change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors
- Attempts to make individuals aware of their irrational and negative thoughts and helps people replace them with new, more positive ways of thinking
- Teaches people how to practice and engage in more positive and healthy approaches to daily situations
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
•A short-term form of psychotherapy that helps you identify self-defeating thoughts and feelings, challenge the rationality of those feelings, and replace them with healthier, more productive beliefs
ABC Model
- Action
- Belief
- Consequences
Psychotherapy: Humanistic therapy
- Help individuals become more self-aware and accepting of themselves
- Focus on conscious rather than unconscious thoughts
Non-directive Therapy
•A therapeutic approach in which the therapist does not give advice or provide interpretations but helps the person to identify conflicts and understand feelings
Unconditional Positive Regard
- Involves not judging clients and simply accepting them for who they are
- Therapists should demonstrate genuineness, empathy, and acceptance toward their clients because this helps people become more accepting of themselves, which results in personal growth
Biomedical Therapies
•Involve medications and/or medical procedures to treat psychological disorders
Antipsychotics
- Used to treat – schizophrenia and other types of sever thought disorders
- Brand names of commonly prescribed medications – haldol, mellaril, prolixin, thorazine
- How they work – treat positive psychotic symptoms such as auditory and visual hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia by blocking the neurotransmitter dopamine
- Side effects – long-term use can lead to tardive dyskinesia, involuntary movements of the arms, legs, tongue, and facial muscles, resulting in Parkinson’s-like tremors
Atypical Antipsychotics
- Used to treat – schizophrenia and other types of severe thought disorders
- Brand names of commonly prescribed medications – abilify, risperdal, clozaril
- How they work – treat negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as withdrawal and apathy, by targeting both dopamine and serotonin receptors; newer medications may treat both positive and negative symptoms
- Side effects – can increase the risk of obesity and diabetes as well as elevate cholesterol levels; constipation, dry mouth, blurred vision, drowsiness and dizziness
Anti-depressants
- Used to treat – depression and anxiety
- Brand names of commonly prescribed medications – paxil, prozac, zoloft (SSRIs), tofranil and elavil (tricyclics)
- How they work – alter levels of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine
•Side effects – SSRIs: headache, nausea, weight gain, drowsiness, reduced sex drive
Tricyclics: dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, drowsiness, reduced sex drive, increased risk of suicide
Anti-anxiety Agents
- Used to treat – anxiety and agitation that occurs in OCD, PTSD, panic disorder, and social phobia
- Brand names of commonly prescribed medications – xanax, valium, ativan
- How they work – depress central nervous system activity
- Side effects – drowsiness, dizziness, headache, fatigue, lightheaded
Mood Stabilizers
- Used to treat – bipolar disorder
- Brand names of commonly prescribed medications – lithium, depakote, lamictal, tegretol
- How they work – treat episodes of mania as well as depression
- Side effects – excessive thirst, irregular heartbeat, itching/rash, swelling (face, mouth, and extremities), nausea, loss of appetite
Stimulus
- Used to treat – ADHD
- Brand names of commonly prescribed medications – adderall, ritalin
- How they work – improve ability to focus on a task and maintain attention
- Side effects – decreased appetite, difficulty sleeping, stomachache, headache
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
- Formerly known by its unscientific name by electroshock therapy
- It involves using an electrical current to induce seizures to help alleviate the effects of severe depression
Intake
- Refers to the therapist’s first meeting with the client
- Therapists gathers specific information to address the client’s immediate needs, such as the presenting problem, the client’s support system, and insurance status
- Therapist and client will work together to discuss treatment goals. Then treatment plan will be formulated, usually with specific measurable objectives; discuss how treatment success will be measured and the estimated length of treatment
Confidentiality
•Therapists cannot disclose confidential communications to any third party unless mandated or permitted by law to do so
Individual Therapy
- Client and clinician meet one-on-one (usually from 45 minutes to 1 hour)
- Meeting usually occur weekly or every other week, and sessions are conducted in confidential and caring environment
- Clinician will work with clients to help them explore their feelings, work through life challenges, identify aspects of themselves and their lives that they wish to change, and set goals to help them work towards these changes
Group Therapy
- Clinician meets together with several clients with similar problems
- When children are placed in group therapy, it is particularly important to match clients for age and problems
- Groups that have a strong educational component are called psycho-educational groups
Benefits of Group Therapy
- Help decrease a client’s shame and isolation about a problem while offering needed support, both from the therapist and other members of the group
- Members can confront each other about their patterns
Limitations of Group Therapy
- Members of the group may be afraid to speak in front of other people because sharing secrets and problems with complete strangers can be stressful and overwhelming
- May be personality clashes and arguments among group members
- Concerns about confidentiality
Couples Therapy
- Involves two people being in an intimate relationship who are having difficulties and are trying to to resolve them
- Couples may be dating, partnered, engaged, or married
- Therapist helps them see how their individual backgrounds, beliefs, and actions are affecting their relationship
What is the primary therapeutic orientation used in couples therapy?
Cognitive- behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Family Therapy
•A special form of group therapy, consisting of one or more families
Systems approach in Family Therapy
- Although there are many theoretical orientations in family therapy, one of the most predominant is the systems approach
- The family is viewed as an organized system, and each individual within the family is a contributing member who creates and maintains processes within the system that shape behavior
- Goal is to enhance the growth of each family member as well as that of the family as a whole
Structural Family Therapy
- The therapist examines and discusses the boundaries and structure of the family
- Helps to resolve issues and learn to communicate more effectively
Strategic Family Therapy
- Address specific problems within the family that can be dealt with in a relatively short amount of time
- Therapist would guide what happens in the therapy session and design a detailed approach to resolving each member’s problem
Addiction
- Often viewed as a chronic disease
- Choice to use a substance is initially voluntary; however, because chronic substance use can permanently alter the neural structure in the prefrontal cortex, an area of the brain associated with decision-making and judgement, a person becomes driven to use drugs and/or alcohol
Relapse
•Individuals return to abusing drugs and/or alcohol after a period of improvement
Comorbid Disorders
- Individuals has two or more diagnoses – often be a substance-related diagnosis and another psychiatric diagnosis
- Fall into the category of mentally ill and chemically addicted (MICA)
Treatment for Comorbid Disorders
- Behavior therapies
* Psychotropic medications are used along with psychotherapy
Cultural Competence
•Mental health professionals must understand and address issues of race, culture, and ethnicity
