Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Introduction to Psychology > States of Consciousness > Flashcards

States of Consciousness Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Consciousness

A
  • Awareness of internal (e.g., pain and hunger) and external stimuli (e.g.,feeling the warmth of a room)
  • Continuum that ranges from full awareness to a deep sleep
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Biological Rhythm

A

•Internal rhythms of biological activity (e.g., menstrual cycle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A
  • Biological rhythm that takes place for about 24 hours

* Daily fluctuations in heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar and body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pineal Gland

A

•Releases melatonin that regulates various biological rhythm and immune system during sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Melatonin

A
  • Stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light

* Produced during sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Chronotype

A

•Individual differences in circadian patterns of activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sleep Regulation

A

•Brain’s control of switching between sleep and wakefulness – coordinates this cycle with the outside world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Jet Lag

A
  • Mismatch between internal circadian cycles and our environment
  • Causes fatigue, sluggishness, irritability and insomnia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sleep Debt

A
  • Insufficient sleep on a chronic basis
  • Decrease levels of alertness and mental efficiency
  • Negative physiological consequences – obesity, increase blood pressure and stress hormones, decrease immune functioning
  • Negative psychological consequences – depression-like symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Partial Sleep Deprivation

A

•Occurs when an individual sleep too little for several days or weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Total Sleep Deprivation

A

•Occurs when an individual is being kept awake for at least 24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sleep

A
  • Interplay of the circadian and the homeostatic mechanisms that regulate sleep
  • Essential to restore resources that are expended throughout the day
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sleep Rebound

A

•Sleep-deprived individuals will take a longer time to fall asleep during subsequent opportunities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sleep-wake Cycle

A
  • Controlled by multiple brain areas acting in conjunction with one another
  • Thalamus – regulates slow-wave sleep
  • Hypothalamus – contains suprachiasmatic nucleus
  • Pons – regulates REM sleep
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hormones secreted and regulated during sleep

A
  • Melatonin
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) –regulate reproductive system
  • Luteinizing Hormones (LH) – regulate reproductive system
  • Growth Hormones – physical growth, maturation and metabolic process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Benefits of Sleep

A
  • Maintaining healthy weight
  • Lowering stress levels
  • Improving mood
  • Increasing motor coordination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Stage 1 of NREM Sleep

A
  • Transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; relatively east to wake an individual up
  • Slowdown in both the rates of respiration and heartbeat
  • Decrease in overall muscle tension and core body temperature
  • Alpha waves – low frequency (8-13Hz); high amplitude patterns of electrical activity that becomes synchronized
  • Theta waves – lower frequency (4-7Hz); higher amplitude brain waves as compared to alpha waves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Stage 2 of NREM Sleep

A
  • Body goes into a state of deep relaxation
  • Theta waves – dominates the activity of the brain however, they are interrupted by brief burst of activity known as sleep spindles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sleep Spindles

A

•Rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

K-Complex

A
  • Occurs during NREM sleep
  • Very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli
  • A bridge to higher level of arousal in response to what is going on in our environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Stage 3 of NREM Sleep

A
  • Referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep
  • Low frequency (up to 4Hz); high amplitude delta waves
  • Heart rate and respiration slows dramatically
  • Much more difficult to be awaken
22
Q

REM Sleep

A
  • High brain activity; similar to those when a person is awake
  • Dreaming occurs
  • Associated with paralysis of the muscle system in the body; exception of those that make circulation and respiration possible
  • Homeostatically regulated; involved in emotional processing and regulation
23
Q

REM Sleep Deprivation

A
  • Appear to be less profound in negative consequences

* Demonstrated to improve symptoms of people suffering from major depression

24
Q

REM Sleep Rebound

A
  • Individuals will spend more time in REM sleep to recoup the lost time when allowed to sleep without disturbance
  • Adaptive response to stress in non-depressed individuals
25
Q

Dreams (Freud)

A
  • Convinced that dreams represented an opportunity to gain access to the unconscious
  • Believe people could increase self-awareness and gain valuable insight to help them deal with the problems they faced in lives
  • Manifest Content – actual content or story line
  • Latent content – hidden meaning of a dream
26
Q

Dreams (Jung)

A
  • Believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious
  • According to him, certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetype with meanings that are similar for all people regardless of cultures and location
27
Q

Dreams (Cartwright)

A
  • Rosalind Cartwright is a sleep and dreaming researcher

* Believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer

28
Q

Insomnia:

definition, symptoms and treatments

A
  • Consistent difficulty of falling/staying asleep
  • Symptoms last for at least 3 nights a week (one month)
  • Increase levels of anxiety; overtired; associated with symptoms of depression
  • Solution – limit use of stimulant drugs (e.g., caffeine), increase the amount of physical exercise, turn to OTC/prescribed medications
  • Persistent insomnia – cognitive-behavioral therapy: focus on cognitive processes and problematic behaviors
29
Q

Parasomnias

A

•Unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiencing unusual behaviors of the nervous system during sleep

30
Q

Sleepwalking or Somnambulism:

definition, symptoms and treatments

A
  • Sleeper engages in a relatively complex behaviors
  • Often have their eyes open; unresponsive to attempts to communicate with them
  • Treatment – variety of pharmacotherapy ranging from benzodiazepines to antidepressants
31
Q

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD):

definition, symptoms and treatments

A
  • Occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with REM sleep phase does not occur
  • High levels of physical activities during REM sleep
  • No memories of behavior occurred
  • Injure themselves or disrupts sleep
  • Associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson’s disease)
  • Treatment – Clonazepam, administered alone or in conjunction with doses of melatonin
32
Q

Restless Leg Syndrome

A
  • Uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep
  • Treatment – benzodiazepines, opiates and anticonvulsants
33
Q

Night Terrors

A
  • Sense of panic in the sufferer; often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment
  • Appear to be awake; generally have no memories
  • Will fall back asleep within a short time
  • Usually occurs during NREM of sleep
34
Q

Sleep Apnea

A
  • Defined by episodes during which a sleeper’s breathing stops
  • Last 10-20 seconds or longer
  • Associated with brief periods of arousal and loud snoring
  • Increase levels of fatigue
  • Treatment – Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP): a device the includes a mask that fits the individual’s nose and mouth, connected to a pump that pumps air into the person’s airways, forcing them to remain open
35
Q

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

A

•Individual’s airway becomes blocked during sleep and air is prevented from entering the lungs

36
Q

Central Sleep Apnea

A
  • Disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulates breathing
  • Cause period of interrupted breathing
37
Q

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

A
  • Infant stops breathing and dies during sleep
  • Higher risks – infants younger than 12 months, premature birth, smoking within home and hyperthermia
  • Recommendations – place on their backs when put to sleep, people in the household to abstain from smoking
38
Q

Narcolepsy:

symptoms and treatments

A
  • Individuals cannot resist falling asleep at inappropriate times
  • Associated with cataplexy – lack of muscle tone or complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles
  • Associated with the reduced levels of the signalling molecule hypocretin in some areas of the brain
  • Triggered by states of heightened arousal or stress (last a minute to 30 minutes)
  • Interfere the ability to perform one’s job
  • Treatments – psycho-motor stimulant drugs: increase level of neural activity
39
Q

DSM-5

A

•Used by clinicians to diagnose individuals suffering from various psychological disorders

40
Q

Drug Use Disorders

A
  • Addictive disorders
  • Uses more of the substance than they originally intended
  • Continuation despite experiencing significant adverse consequences
41
Q

Physical Dependence

A
  • Changes in normal bodily functions

* Withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of use – negative symptoms or opposite effects of the drugs

42
Q

Psychological Dependence

A
  • Use the drug to relieve psychological distress
  • Tolerance – requires more drugs to achieve effects that were previously experienced at a lower doses; may lead to overdosing and death
43
Q

Psychoactive Drugs

A

•Occurs through their interactions with our endogenous neurotransmitter systems

44
Q

Agonist

A

•Facilitates the activity of a neurotransmitter

45
Q

Antagonists

A

•Impede neurotransmitter activity

46
Q

Antipsychotics or Neuroleptics

A

•Class of medication primarily used to manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations and paranoia) principally in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

47
Q

Alcohol

A
  • Acute alcohol administration – result in a variety changes to consciousness
  • Low dose of alcohol – associated with feelings of euphoria
  • Moderate dose of alcohol – individuals feel sedated
  • Excessive dose of alcohol – complete loss of consciousness and/or difficulty remembering events that occurred during intoxication
  • Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) – if individual consumes alcohol during pregnancy, infant may be born with a cluster of birth defects
48
Q

Stimulants

A
  • Increase overall levels of neural activity
  • Drugs – cocaine, amphetamine, cathinones, MDMA, nicotine, and caffeine
  • Amphetamine – block the reuptake of dopamine in addition to stimulating its release; commonly prescribed for ADHD
  • Caffeine – maintain increase levels of alertness and arousal
  • Excessive dosage – insomnia, agitation, irregular heartbeat and muscle twitching

•Nicotine – exert its effect through its interaction with acetycholine receptors

•Cocaine, MDMA, cathinones – seek euphoric high, feelings of intense elation and pleasure
•Repeated use:
– nausea, elevated blood pressure and increase heart rate; feeling of anxiety, hallucinations and paranoia
– overall depletion among the monamine neurotransmitter

49
Q

Opioids

A
  • Analgesic properties – decrease pain
  • Found in cough suppressants, anti-nausea, and anti-diarrhea medications
  • Drugs – heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine
  • Heroin – initial feeling of euphoria, followed by period of agitation
  • Codeine – low potency; prescribed for minor pain
  • Methadone – synthetic opioid and less euphoric; may be given to ease opioid withdrawal
50
Q

Hallucinogens

A
  • Profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences
  • Cause vivid visual hallucinations
  • Mescaline and LSD – serotonin agonists
  • Ketamine and PCP – antagonists of the MDMA glutamate receptor
51
Q

Hypnosis

A
  • State of extreme self-focus and attention; minimal attention is given to external stimuli
  • Therapeutic setting – may use relaxation and suggestion in an attempt to alter the thoughts and perceptions of a patient
  • Pain management, treatment of depression and anxiety, smoking cessation and weight loss
52
Q

Meditation

A
  • An act of focusing on a single target to increase awareness of the moment
  • Achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus

Introduction to Psychology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions