Therapies

Question 1

What are the aims of psychosurgery?

Answer 1

Psychosurgery aims to treat mental illness as Physical illnesses are treated using surgery to help improve mental illness.

Question 2

What are the four main components of psychosurgery?

Answer 2

Two traditional
-trans orbital, lobotomy
-prefrontal leucotomy
Two modern
-bialateral cingulotomy
-deep brain simulation

Question 3

What is a prefrontal leucotomy?

Answer 3

-two holes would be drilled in each side of the skull, after this a Leucotome is inserted through the holes and moved side to side, to cut off the connections between the frontal lobe and the rest of the brain.

Question 4

What is a transorbital lobotomy?

Answer 4

A patient is knocked unconscious using electro convulsive therapy, an ice pick is then inserted under the eye lid and into the frontal lobe of the brain, the ice pick is then moved around to destroy connections between the prefrontal area and other brain regions.

Question 5

What is a bialateral cingulotomy?

Answer 5

• an incision is made in the nerves of the brain using mri scans to show which nerve endings are being severed. No area of the brain is damaged or removed, only the nerve endings are cut off.

Question 6

What is deep brain stimulation?

Answer 6

Two small holes are drilled in to the skull and them electrodes are implanted on the targeted brain area, the electrodes are connected to an implanted neurostimulator, in the chest area of the patient, this alters the levels of stimulation in the brain.

Question 7

What is a strength of psychosurgery regarding effectiveness?

Answer 7

-supporting evidence: showed that cingulotomys where effective on 56% of patients with ocd
-however shows this wasn’t effective on 44% of people with ocd

Question 8

What is one weakness of psychosurgery regarding effectiveness?

Answer 8

Sever side effects-
The fatality rate of early psychosurgery is 6%, there is also a chance of: memory loss, lack of concentration, and being left in a vegetative state.

Question 9

What is a weakness of psychosurgery in terms of ethics

Answer 9

-informed consent
patience with conditions, such as schizophrenia may have a compromised mental state so may not be able to give consent.
-harm
The side-effects received after psychosurgery cause physical harm to the patient, for example, memory, loss, seizures, and being left in a vegetative state.

Question 10

What are the aims of systematic desensitisation?

Answer 10

Systematic desensitisation is based on the principles of classical conditioning. This means that fears are conditioned into us, systematic desensitisation aims to count condition this, by associating fearful stimuli with something positive.

Question 11

What are the main components of systematic desensitisation?

Answer 11

-in vitro/in vivo
– Anxiety hierarchy
– Relaxation technique
– Reciprocal inhibition
– Gradual exposure

Question 12

What is in vitro exposure?
-sd

Answer 12

-why are you don’t actually face the feared stimuli however, you can use VR or imagine the stimuli

Question 13

What is in vivo exposure?
-sd

Answer 13

-in vivo exposure is where you actually face the feared stimuli in real life

Question 14

What is an anxiety hierarchy?
-SD

Answer 14

-an anxiety hierarchy is formed by the client and therapist working together to to rank the least fearful stimuli to the most fearful stimuli
Eg. A picture of a spider, maybe at the bottom and holding a spider, maybe at the top of the hierarchy.

Question 15

What is an example of some relaxation techniques?
-SD

Answer 15

The client is taught techniques such as mindful breathing so that they can calm themselves down when facing feared stimuli

Question 16

What is reciprocal inhibitaion?

Answer 16

-The client gradually works their way through the hierarchy, starting with the least fearful stimuli than when the client starts to have anxiety, they will use their relaxing techniques so they may start to visualise a stressful situation while remaining relaxed

Question 17

What is gradual exposure?

Answer 17

The client moves through the anxiety hierarchy at their own pace, once they are calm with the phobic stimulus in front of them they will move up in the hierarchy

Question 18

What is a strength of SD in terms of ethics

Answer 18

-systematic desensitisation is ethical compared to flooding as the patient is in control and they move through the hierarchy at their own pace.

Question 19

What is a strength of systematic desensitisation in terms of effectiveness?

Answer 19

Lang and lazovik
-used Sd with students who had a snake phobia
-Over 11 sessions they worked through a hierarchy
-Sd was found to be effective for most and improvement was still evident six months later

Question 20

Why may systematic desensitisation not be effective?

Answer 20

-not suitable for ancient fears
Fears such as snakes heights, and the dark came from evolution, therefore, you cannot counter condition fears that would never conditioned.
-SD doesn’t treat the cause of a fear.
The fear may be caused by an underlying issue. However, SD doesn’t look into the cause of fears, only how to get rid of them.

Question 21

What are the aims of CBT?

Answer 21

CBT is a therapy that aims to challenge any negative thinking patterns by replacing with positive thoughts

Question 22

What are the main components of CDT?

Answer 22

— dysfunctional thought diary
– Challenging dysfunctional thoughts
– Pleasant activity, scheduling

Question 23

What is a dysfunctional thought diary?
-cbt

Answer 23

-Client asked to write down any automatic negative thoughts and rate how much they believe the thought to be true out of 10
-The client is then asked to write a rational response to the negative thought and rate their belief in this out of 10
-The client will then re-rate their belief in the negative thought

Question 24

What is challenging dysfunctional thoughts?
-cbt

Answer 24

-The client on the therapist work together to identify dysfunctional thinking patterns
-The client is then taught to challenge any dysfunctional negative thoughts by asking themselves, what is the evidence of this? And if this was true, what is the worst that would happen?

Question 25

What is pleasant activity scheduling?
-cbt

Answer 25

The client to ask to plan for each day, one pleasant activity that they could engage in, this will induce more positive emotions and detract from negative thinking patterns
-The client will be asked to keep a record of the activity and note how they felt
-by the client taking action towards a positive solution, they are moving further away from negative thinking

Question 26

What is a strength of CBT in terms of effectiveness?

Answer 26

-cahill used CBT that lasted 12 to 20 sessions
And found that 71% of patients who had completed their therapy experience significant reduction in their symptoms

-hollen found no difference in CBT when compared to an anti-depressant drug in a sample of 107 patients over a 10 week period.

Question 27

What is a weakness of CBT in terms of effectiveness?

Answer 27

-CBT requires a lot of participation and effort. However, people who struggle with mental health disorders may lack the motivation to take part

Question 28

What is a weakness of CBT in terms of ethics?

Answer 28

– Patient blame
CBT may make a client feel as if it’s their fault that they have negative thinking patterns and that they need to change them.

Question 29

What is a positive of CBT in terms of ethics?

Answer 29

CBT has been proven to have the same affects as drug therapy, however, drug therapy has a lot of physical side-effects, whereas CBT has none so therefore may be a better therapy to use.

Question 30

What are the aims of dream analysis?

Answer 30

Dream analysis aims to reveal the unconscious by bringing it to the conscious. For example, when we sleep, our ego, defence mechanisms are lowered and repressed material from our unconscious comes out in our dreams.

Question 31

What are the main components of dream analysis?

Answer 31

-dreams as wishful, fulfilment
-Symbolic nature of dreams
– dream work
– Role of the therapist
– Dream diary

Question 32

What is dreams as wishful fulfilment?
-dream anaylasis

Answer 32

-The unconscious desires can’t be satisfied in the conscious mind, so the IDs desires show through dreams

Question 33

What is the symbolic nature of dreams?
-dream anaylasis

Answer 33

-The symbolic nature of dreams is the manifest content (what we remember from the dream)
-and the latent content (hidden wishes, desires, or emotions, which translates into what we dream)

Question 34

What is dream work?
- dream analysis

Answer 34

-dream work is a process that latent content is turned into manifest content

Question 35

What are the four Dream Work processes?
-dream analysis

Answer 35

-condensation – an image can represent several ideas
-Displacement -the significance of an object is displaced onto another object in the dream
– Symbolism – symbols, replace an action, person, or ideas
– Secondary elaboration – the actual dream material could be of a recent event

Question 36

What is the role of the therapist?
-dream analysis

Answer 36

-The role of the therapist is to reverse the dream work process. The client will tell the therapist about the manifest content and the therapist will provide various interpretations.

Question 37

What is a dream diary?
-dream analysis

Answer 37

-The client is asked to keep a diary where they will record the dreams they have, including thoughts and feelings.

Question 38

What is One strength of dream analysis in terms of effectiveness

Answer 38

– Dream analysis was conducted and 63 patients with mood disorders and found that approximately 70% of patients recorded benefits from working through their dreams

Question 39

What is one weakness of dream analysis in terms of effectiveness?

Answer 39

-validity can be questioned
A lot of dream analysis experiments are lab experiments, this means that the patient would be in an unusual setting with various electrodes and in a bed that is not there own, this may lead to clients not sleeping or dreaming how they usually would.

Question 40

What is one weakness of dream analysis in terms of ethics?

Answer 40

—Emotional harm
a Therapist may tell a client, an insight or interpretation that might be emotionally distressing, the interpretation itself may be greater than the problem that they went in for in the first place.
— therapist relationship
The patient is relying on the therapist for them to explain what their dreams mean this may lead to the patient becoming over reliant on the therapist.

Question 41

What are the aims of mindfulness?

Answer 41

To allow people to be in control of their own mind by focusing on the present, thoughts and emotions
This reduces anxiety which comes from focusing on the future, as well as reducing depression, which comes from dwelling on the past.

Question 42

What are the main components of mindfulness?

Answer 42

-Gaining control of thoughts
-Meditation and mindful breathing
-Informal practices
-Ways of practising
-MBSR

Question 43

What is gaining control of thoughts
-mindfulness

Answer 43

being mindful, helps us to focus on a present thoughts, emotions and feelings, enabling us to think about them now and avoid thinking about the past or future. By doing this, we learn to enjoy the present, Instead of dwelling over things we cannot change or control.

Question 44

-what is meditation and mindful breathing?
-Mindfulness

Answer 44

-meditation can be learnt through guided instruction and personal practice ,it involves focusing your attention on your breathing and your body’s sensations aswell as your present thoughts and emotions.
-relaxation, techniques, like mindful breathing is also taught.

Question 45

What are informal practices of mindfulness?

Answer 45

Want to learn mindfulness can be practised during every day life, such as Driving, walking and cleaning by focusing your mind on the task in hand

Question 46

What are ways of practising mindfulness?

Answer 46

-Basic mindfulness meditation, where are you focus on your breathing
-Body sensations, where are you focus on small body sensations such as what you feel around you

Question 47

What is MBSR?

Answer 47

Mindfulness based stress reduction is a flexible approach to stress reduction and has been shown to reduce anxiety levels by 58% and stress levels by 40%. In research by Oxford University.

Question 48

-What is one weakness of mindfulness in terms of effectiveness?

Answer 48

-it doesn’t address the cause of psychological disorder
The participants will focus on the present to reduce anxiety and depression, however, this doesn’t address any issues that could cause mental illness in the first place so this means that the thoughts could keep recurring.

Question 49

What is one strength of mindfulness in terms of effectiveness?

Answer 49

-supporting evidence
Crane, gave people struggling with depression MBCT (mindfulness-based, cognitive therapy) and found that MBCT, reduced the recurrence rate of depression over 12 months by 40 to 50%.
-supporting evidence
136 patients participated in eight week, mindfulness program, including 20 minutes of meditation a day, it was reported that levels of anxiety and depression were reduced and the results maintained after one year follow-up.