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Psycology Comp1 > Assumptions > Flashcards

Assumptions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 assumptions for the behaviourist approach

A

-blank slate—> tabula rasas
-behaviour can be learnt through conditioning
-humans and animals, learn in similar ways

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2
Q

What does being born as a blank slate mean?

A

That we are born with no prior knowledge and understanding, therefore our behaviour is learnt through our surrounding environment

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3
Q

What study shows how humans and animals learn in similar ways

A

Skinners rats

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4
Q

What happened in skinners rats study?

A

-Skinner developed operant, conditioning, principles, through using positive reinforcement on rats
-The rats were put in a box, and when they pulled a lever a treat would fall.
-similarly to how parents reward children.

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5
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Positive reinforcement provides a reward to increase the likelihood of a desired behaviour being repeated.

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6
Q

What is negative reinforcement

A

The removal of an unpleasant experience to increase the likelihood of the desired behaviour being repeated.

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7
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning through consequence

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8
Q

What study supports that we are born as a blank slate slate?

A

Bandauras bobo, doll study

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9
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning through association

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10
Q

What study is an example of classical conditioning?

A

Pavolovs dogs

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11
Q

What is the classical conditioning process?
- for pavolovs dogs

A

-food(ucs)—> salivation(ucr)
-bell(ns)—> no response

Bell+food(ucs)—>salivation(ucr)

Bell(cs)—> salivation

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12
Q

What are the three assumptions for the biological approach?

A

-behaviour can be explained through neurotransmitters
-behaviour can be explained through localisation of brain function
-behaviour can be explained through evolutionary influences

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13
Q

What are the five neurotransmitters and what do they do?

A

Dopamine—> pleasure, satisfaction
GABA—> inhibits nerve transmission
Serotonin—> mood, sleep, health
Neuroadrenaline—> flight/ fight
Oxytocin—>love hormone, relaxation

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14
Q

How do neurotransmitters work?

A

Neurotransmitters past chemical messages from one neuron to the next, through synapses.
The neurotransmitters travel from the presynaptic neuron, over the synaptic gap and bond with receptors on the post synaptic neuron.

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15
Q

What are the Four Main brain lobes, and their functions?

A

-Frontal—> regulates emotion, in control of voluntary movement and expressive language
-Parietal—>processes sensory info
-temporal—> processes auditory info and in control of face recognition
-occipital—> visual processing

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16
Q

What study can be used for localisation of brain function?

A

-phineaus gague

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17
Q

How does Phineas Gage link to localisation of brain function?

A

Phineas gauge had a rod, go through his eye and pass through his frontal lobe. After this, he lived a fully functioning life. However, his friends and family reported that his personality had changed, and he had become more and more cold and short tempered.

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18
Q

What does localisation of function mean?

A

That different regions within our brain or play separate roles, and if impaired can alter our behaviour.

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19
Q

What is evolution?

A

The changes in inherited characteristics in a population over successive generations.

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20
Q

How does evolution work?

A

We adapt through natural selection developing traits that are passed on allowing us to survive within our environment.

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21
Q

Which study can be used for the assumption of evolutionary influences?

A

Buss
- mate selection

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22
Q

What dose busses study show about mate selection?

A

Buss found that woman prefer men who are strong, physically, fit, wealthy, etc. as this shows how they can provide for the family. He also found that men are attracted to women with breasts, hips, slim, caring, etc. as it indicates they are fertile and can have a child.

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23
Q

What are the three assumptions for the psychodynamic approach?

A

-behaviour can be explained through the tripartite model of personality
-unconscious mind
-Childhood experiences

24
Q

What is the tripartite model of personality?

A

It means that our personality isn’t united as one whole, but is split into three different parts

25
Q

What is our ID?

A

ID behaves according to the pleasure principle and works by wanting instant gratification, out ID is self-serving and when it wants something it wants it now.

26
Q

What is our ego?

A

Our ego functions, according to the reality principal, and helps balance out the demands of the ID and superego

27
Q

What is our superego?

A

The superego functions, according to the morality principle, there are two aspects to the superego, our conscience, which is an internalisation of warnings and punishments, and our ego ideal, which drives from reward

28
Q

What personality traits are you likely to have if you have a dominant ID?

A

If you have a dominant ID, you are likely to be selfish, impulsive, reckless, spoil and childlike

29
Q

What personality traits are you likely to have with a dominant superego?

A

If you have a dominant superego, you are likely to be judgemental an Overthinker and anxious

30
Q

What is meant by the unconscious mind?

A

There are three different levels of consciousness, the conscious, the pre-conscious and the unconscious.
-,the unconscious mind is the part of the mind that cannot be accessed it contains thoughts and feelings that we are unaware of, and can motivate our behaviour

31
Q

What are ego defence mechanisms and how do they link to the unconscious mind?

A

Ego, defence mechanisms are the way to the ego, protect yourself from unconscious thoughts and feelings

32
Q

What are the four ego defence mechanisms, and what do they do?

A

-Repression-pushing bad experiences, or negative emotions away
-regression-the abandonment of age, appropriate coping mechanisms
-Displacement-transferring undesirable impulses from one thing to another
-Projection- undesirable thoughts /emotions attributed, someone else

33
Q

Give an example of an ego, defence mechanism

A

An example of displacement may be that: when someone who is angry at their boss, they may go home and kick their cat

34
Q

What does childhood experiences mean?

A

The five psychosexual stages, we go through to fully develop that ID ego and super ego

35
Q

What are the five childhood stages we go through and what are they?
(Psychosexual stages)

A

Oral – libido focus is the mouth
Anal – Libido focus is anus
phallic- libido focus is genitals
Latancy- no libido focus
Genital- Libido focus is genitals in a mature way

36
Q

Give an example of what would happen if someone was over, or under indulged in a childhood stage?

A

If a child is anal retentive then they are likely to be orderly and stubborn 

37
Q

What are the three assumptions for the cognitive approach?

A

-internal mental processes
-Computer, analogy
-schemas

38
Q

What is internal mental processing?

A

Internal mental processing is the way and the order, we process the surrounding world, to enable us to respond appropriately.

39
Q

What are the 4 cognitive processes of internal mental processes and what do they do?

A

Attention – we pay attention to the stimuli
Memory – we search through our memory store to see if the stimuli matches
Perception- the outcome of what we understand the object to be
Language- we are able to knowledge of language to name the stimuli

40
Q

Give an example of how we may use internal mental processing

A

Inkblot test
For example, we pay attention to the inkblots, then we search our memory to see if it matches any previous stimuli, this gives us our perception of what the inkblot is, then we express what we see through language

41
Q

What are schemas?

A

Schemas are pockets of information that we have about an object, event person, etc. They are based off past experiences And are refined through further experiences

42
Q

Give an example of schemas, someone may have

A

Eg. Our schema for a dog may be:
-fluffy
-waggy tail
-wet nose

43
Q

Which studies helps to explain schemas?

A

Allport and postman’s study

44
Q

What does Allport and postman’s study show about schemas?

A

A group of white participants were shown a picture of an argument between a well dressed black man, and a poorly dressed in white man holding a razor, participants then recalled the story to each other. After a few retellings, the picture had changed so it was the black man that was the aggressor.

45
Q

What is the computer analogy?

A

Cognitive psychologists have compared the human mind with a computer for example: The computer analogy is how we take information, change it/store it and then recall what is necessary, similarly to a computer.

46
Q

What is the multi store model of memory?
-computer analogy

A

We pay attention to our sensory input, then, from here the import goes into our short-term memory, if we rehearse and retrieve the input in our short-term memory, then it goes into our long-term memory store where we can easily retrieve the memory.

47
Q

What are the three assumptions for the positive approach?

A

-free will
– Authenticity of goodness, and excellence
– Focus on the good life

48
Q

What is free will?

A

The belief that we choose our own course of action and have responsibility over our behaviour and that we have the choice and are responsible for our own emotional well-being.

49
Q

Which study explains free will?

A

Dinner and Seligman

50
Q

How does diener and seligman’s study show free will?

A

The study demonstrates free will as they measured the amount of time students invested into their relationships. They found that those who chose to spend more time with their family and friends reported being happier.

51
Q

What is the authenticity of goodness and excellence?

A

The authenticity of goodness and excellence believes that positive psychology is authentic and should be recognised as an important factor for human behaviour, like the other approaches.
Authenticity of goodness and excellence means that we all have signature strengths that are important to who we are and we must choose to explore our virtues and strengths to be happier.

52
Q

What is the values in action classification of strengths?
-authenticity of Goodness and excellence

A

It is a system which explores our virtues and strengths, there are six virtues in the values in action classification system.

53
Q

what are the six key virtues and what are they?
– Authenticity of goodness and excellence

A

-wisdom – acquisition of and use of knowledge
-Courage – will to accomplish goals in the face of opposition
-Humanity – interpersonal strength
-Justice – civic strengths
-Temperance – strengths that protect us against accesses
-Transcendence – strengths that connect us to the larger universe

54
Q

How can the six virtues improve our well-being?

A

As if we act on our key strengths and do what we enjoy, then we can use our strengths to improve our life. For example, if you are creative, then you can take part in art.

55
Q

What does focus on the good life mean?

A

There are three desirable lives:
-The pleasant life – happiness comes from pursuing positive emotions
-The good life – happiness comes from pursuing activities that positively impact us.
-The meaningful life – happiness comes from a deep sense of Fulfilment and purpose.

56
Q

What three elements make up the good life?

A

-positive connections to others eg. Friends, family
-positive, individual traits eg. Being sporty, so taking part in sports.
-Life regulation qualities eg. Qualities that allows to regulate our day-to-day behaviour so we can accomplish goals

Psycology Comp1 (5 decks)

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