Classical Research

Question 1

What was the methodology for Watson and rayner

Answer 1

-controlled observation
-one participant- little Albert
-emotional responses where’s tested at 9 months and observations started at 11months and 3 days
-5 observations
-carried out in a small dark room of a hospital.

Question 2

How old was Albert when all 5 of the observations took place?

Answer 2

1st- 11months 3days
2nd- 11months 10 days
3rd- 11months 15 days
4th- 11months 20 days
5th- 12 months 21 days

Question 3

What happened in Alberts first observation?
-11months 3 days
-Watson and Rayner (procedures and findings)

Answer 3

P - a rat was present to Albert and a rod was struck behind his head.
F -when presented with the rat he jumped violently, fell forward and dd not cry

Question 4

What happened in alberts 2nd observation?
-11 months 10 days
-Watson and rayner (procedures and findings)

Answer 4

P -rat was present to Albert, with the bar being struck repeatedly
F - he cried violently
P - the rat was also presented to Albert alone.
F - he instantly cried and crawled away

Question 5

What happened in alberts 3rd observation?
-11 months 15 days
-Watson and rayner (procedures and findings)

Answer 5

P- blocks where presented to Albert to act as a control
F- he happily played with the blocks
P- a Santa’s mask was presented to Albert to see if his fear had generalised
F- he did not react to this

Question 6

What happened in little alberts 4th observation?
-11months 20 days
-Watson and Rayner (procedures and findings)

Answer 6

-P- a rat was presented to Albert alone to see if the fear was still present
-F- he fell to the side but did not cry
-P- a rabbit was presented to Albert to see if his fear had generalised
-F- he reached out to stroke/ touch the animal

Question 7

What happened in alberts 5th observation?
-12 months 21 days
-Watson and Rayner (procedures and findings)

Answer 7

-p- Albert was present with a fur coat to see if his fear had generalised
-F- he drew back his body and began to whimper
-P- Albert was presented with the rat again
-F- he moved as far away from the rat as possible

Question 8

-what where the conclusions from Watson and Rayners research?

Answer 8

-yes a fear can be conditioned
-at the age of 9 months little Albert showed no response to stimuli
-after conditioning fear responses where seen
-showing conditioned responses cause fear

Question 9

What where some methodological issues of Watson and Rayners research ?

Answer 9

-lacks ecological validity, alberts fear was conditioned in a a control environment, can a fear be learnt in a natural environment
-study was only conducted on one participant and can’t be repeated due to ethical issues.

Question 10

What where some strengths of the methodology used in Watson and Rayners research?

Answer 10

-standardised procedure= high control, therefore Watson and Rayner know fears can be conditioned

Question 11

What where some ethical issues of Watson and Rayners research?

Answer 11

-emotional harm, Albert was chose as he was a stable baby, however testing a fear on him callus cause him to be unstable.
- emotional Harm- fear was never counted conditioned
-informed consent- Albers mum didn’t know what was really happening, so couldn’t give consent

Question 12

What are some strengths of ethics in Watson and Rayners research?

Answer 12

+confidentiality, Albert was known as Albert b so no one knew who he was.
-however, a code would of been better
+right to withdraw, Alberts mum did withdraw him from the study.
-however, alberts distressed behaviour showed that he wanted to leave sooner

Question 13

What was the methodology for rains study?

Answer 13

• experimental group of 41 participants (39 male, 2 female)
  -all charged as NGRI for murder
  -a control group of 41 was formed by matching each murdered with a control based off: sex, age, mental illness
  -both groups where medication free

Question 14

What where the procedures for Raines research?

Answer 14

-a radio glucose tracker was injected into each participant
-the glucose tracker takes 32 mins to be taken up by the brain, in this time participants did a continuous performance task:
-Participants would see or hear the numbers 1and2 and would have to click a mouse every time they saw or heard the number 1.
-after 32 minutes participants were given a pet scan
-10 horizontal slices of the brain where taken
- experimental groups where compared to controls, on glucose metabolism in in 14 different brain areas (6cortical, 8subcortical).

Question 15

What where the findings of Raines research?

Answer 15

-lower glucose metabolism compared to controls in: prefrontal cortex, partial, corpus callosum, left amygdala and left medial temporal lobe
-higher glucose metabolism compared to controls in: occipital lobe, right amygdala, right medial temporal lobe and right thalamus
-same levels of glucose metabolism compared to controls in: cingulate and temporal lobe

Question 16

What are some issues with the methodology in Raines research?

Answer 16

-NGRI murders don’t represent all crimes—> lacks population validity

Question 17

What are some strengths of the methodology used in Raines research?

Answer 17

+pet scans allow us to experiment on an active brain- not possible through post Mortums
+quasi- allows us to study something we can’t naturally manipulate

Question 18

What are some ethical weaknesses of Raines research?

Answer 18

-no medication—> side effects/ withdrawal
-NGRI murderers may not be able to consent due to mental health issues

Question 19

What are some social strengths of Raines research?

Answer 19

+could use brain imaging in court
+could put in place prevention strategies with people with brain abnormalities to reduce violence

Question 20

What was the methodology for loftus and palmer’s research?

Answer 20

-two experiments were conducted
-Both were experiments
-Both had independent groups
Experiment1– had 45 students
Experiment 2– had 150 students 

Question 21

What was the procedures for experiment 1 of Loftus and Palmers study?

Answer 21

– 45 American university students were split into five groups
– All groups were shown seven short video clips of car accidents.
– They were then asked to fill in a short questionnaire with the critical question of about how fast with the cars going, when they – each other
– The five verbs that they could fill the space in with were: hit, smashed, collided, bumped and contacted

Question 22

What were the procedures for experiment 2 of Loftus and Palmer study?

Answer 22

– 150 American University students were split into three groups (of 50)
– They were then shown a short film that showed a multi-vehicle car accident
– They were then asked a series of questions, including one critical question:
Group one was asked how fast with a car is going when they smashed into each other
Group 2 was asked how far with the car is going when they hit each other
Group 3 wasn’t asked about the speed of the vehicles
-A week later, participants where then asked did you see any broken glass in the video?

Question 23

What were the findings for experiment one in Loftus and Palmer’s study?

Answer 23

The main speed answered for each verb:
-smashed- 40.8mph
-collided- 39.8 mph
-bumped- 38.1 mph
-hit- 34.0 mph
-contacted- 31.8mph

Question 24

What were the findings of experiment2 for Loftus and Palmer’s research?

Answer 24

When the verb smashed was used, participants were more than twice as likely to report seen broken glass (with 16 people saying they had 24 Saying they had not), then those who had the verb hit (with 7 people saying they had and 43 people saying they had not )or those who where in the control condition (with 6 in the control condition saying they had and 44 in the control condition saying they had not)

Question 25

What were the conclusions for Loftus and Palmer’s research?

Answer 25

1st experiment
-leading questions can affect witnesses answer, this may be because of response bias — This means that the different speed estimates occurred because the critical word may have influenced the participants response.
-or because the participant memory has been altered by the critical word.

2nd experiment
-The affect of leading questions is not due to the response bias, but it’s due to memory being altered
-Leading questions can actually alter persons memory of an event
-Leading questions can cause memories to become reconstructed

Question 26

What are some mythological strengths of Loftus and Palmer’s research?

Answer 26

+standardised procedure Was used, for example, the same questions and the same verbs
+independent groups were used meaning that demand characteristics were reduced as all participants are experiencing different conditions

Question 27

What are some methodological weaknesses of Loftus and Palmer’s research?

Answer 27

-The study may lack ecological validity as an artificial task was used, a video of a crash was watched. This may not represent real life. This means that the results can’t be applied every day life
-as independent groups were used, they will be individual differences in the study that can alter the results

Question 28

What were some positive social implications of Loftus and Palmers research?

Answer 28

+ when investigating a crime, Detectives and police can be more mindful during interrogation and can avoid using leading questions, meaning there is less false imprisonment.

Question 29

What are some negative social implications of Loftus and Palmer’s research?

Answer 29

-in some circumstances, knowledge of leading questions, and memory reconstruction, could lead to manipulation of patients and clients in certain psychological therapies as well as crimes.

Question 30

What are some, ethical issues of Loftus and Palmer’s research?

Answer 30

-showing participants clips of car crashes, could cause some emotional distress, especially if it reminds participants of a traumatic event
-Deception was used within the study as participants were asked leading questions, however, if they knew the aims, this would influence their answers so participants had to be deceived, however, this leads us to question if in form consent was really given when the participants didn’t know the true aims.

Question 31

What was the methodology of bowlbys experiment?

Answer 31

-A sample of 44 children was used (31 male, 13 female)
-all from a London guidance clinic
-all children were thieves and were placed into categories based on the severity of there stealing
-A control group was matched on age, IQ and gender.
-Everyone in the control group had no records of stealing, 44 in control group
-both groups were chosen through opportunity sampling
-between ages of 5-17
-they were tested, had interviews and used case studies
-88 mothers

Question 32

What were the procedures of Bowlbys research?

Answer 32

-an experiment was carried out at London guidance clinic
-All the children in both the control group and the experimental group were tested regarding intelligence and psychological state
-The mother and the child were both interviewed about their relationship and the child’s behaviour
-a case study was also collected on the child school records and medical reports.
-Another interview, then took place (each interview lasted two hours )
-The child, then met with the psychologist every week for two months
-The children where then categorised into 6 main groups: normal depressed, circular, hyperthermic, affectionate and schizoid.

Question 33

What were the findings of Bowlbys study?

Answer 33

-The children fit into six main personality types:
-14 of the 44 thieves fit into the category of affectionless
-the others, fit into the following categories: 2 fit into the category of normal , 9 fit into the category of depressed, 2 where circular, 13 where hyperthermic and 4 classified as schizoid
-The children were identified as affectionless due to their unresponsive behaviour
-12 out of the 14 affectionless Children had experience frequent separation from their mothers, whereas the separation was rare in the other categories.
-13 out of the 14 affectionless thieves where in grade 5, meaning they are far more likely to steal than others.

Question 34

Give an example of a case study used in Bowlbys research

Answer 34

-Kenneth G
-He was 12 when he was referred to the clinic
-Put in foster care at five months, then returned to his mum at three years
-He was rude showed no affection had a bad temper and was cruel to the children

Question 35

What were some ethical issues within Bowlbys study?

Answer 35

-confidentiality-the full names of the children were used in the study, this means they could easily be found
-Privacy-the questions asked meant that the mothers had to give details on the upbringing of the children, when they may not want to share this information.
-Consent-the mothers did not know the full extent to the interviews so therefore couldn’t fully consent to being involved

Question 36

What are some positive social implications of bowlbys research?

Answer 36

+ from the study, you may be able to identify early signs of affectionless behaviour and early intervention could be provided to prevent stealing
Or intervention could be given on mother child relationships to prevent affectionless behaviour from occurring

Question 37

What are some negative social implications of Bowlbys research?

Answer 37

-Stereotypes could be caused on single dads and children without mums, that they’ll become thieves

Question 38

What are some negative mythological issues of Bowlbys research?

Answer 38

-there are issues on the retrospective nature of the data collected, For example, asking the mother to record past behaviours relies on the accuracy of the past memories as well as this the mother they lie about the behaviours to not feel ashamed.
-All children in the control and the experimental group were collected from the same clinic, This isn’t representative of all places so would lack population validity.

Question 39

What are the conclusions of Bowlbys research?

Answer 39

-The affectionateness thieves had a distinctive early childhood, including separation from their mothers
-the stealing, and affectionless behaviour had resulted from the separation from their mothers
-Bowlby concluded that if the children were not separated from their mothers, then they would not have become offenders
-bowlby proposed that damage of the emotional development lead to the affectionless behaviour and an impaired sense of right and wrong
-Children over the age of four and five can adapt to harsh circumstances, whereas those in the early years may have an emotional disturbance

Question 40

What is the methodology for myers and Diners study?

Answer 40

-A little review was carried out of secondary research on the topic of happiness, and subjective well being
-The research had already been conducted and consisted of the following: structured interviews, questionnaires, observations, and time sampling, correlations and meta analysis (combines the results of multiple studies)

Question 41

What were the findings of Myers and Diners research?

Answer 41

Myers And diner looked into subjective well-being in The following categories: religion, age, gender, ethnicity, culture, relationships, characteristics, flow and marriage
—religion
*Gallup(1984) found those who are highly spiritual or twice as likely to report being happy
*those who are religious report having a higher subjective well-being than those who are not.
—age
* found that there was no time in life where people reported being happier or un happier
* it was found that there was no variation in happiness ratings across the ages
—gender
*robins and regier(1991) found women are twice as vulnerable to having anxiety compared to men, whereas men are 5 time as vulnerable to having a social personality disorder, compared to women
* overall, 80% of men and women reported that they were satisfied with life

Question 42

What are the conclusions of Myers and diners research?

Answer 42

1-the importance of adaption: the effects of life, positive or negative fade over time. research found that events that occurred in the past three months influence, our subjective well-being, however, us as humans have the capability to adapt to the circumstances.
2-cultural worldview:
Different cultures, see the world events differently. People are predisposed to view life events based on their culture, this can have a significant impact on subjective well
being
3-values and goals
People with higher subjective of well being have goals and plans to aim for, factors such as money only matter if they’re part of these goals.

Question 43

What are some negatives of ethics in Myers and diners research?

Answer 43

-privacy—> certain study’s, such as for flow, involved a tracer beeping, and they had to report where and what they were doing at the exact time, and how they felt, participants may not feel comfortable reporting what they are doing at that exact time
-harm—> asking personal details about religion, race relationship. Etc can lead to an increase of stress in some participants as they may not want to share this information.

Question 44

What are some ethical strengths of Myers and Diners research?

Answer 44

+confidentiality—> as it was a literature review of lots of secondary research was used meaning No participants names were used within the study.

Question 45

What are some strengths of the methodology used in myers and Diners study?

Answer 45

+meta analysis—> increases the sample size by combining stats from multiple studies, which gives us a better understanding of subjective well-being
+lit review—> Lit reviews are easier and quicker. Secondary data is easy to review then collecting primary data, as well as this means that you can study multiple studies

Question 46

What are some weaknesses of the methodology used in myers and diners study?

Answer 46

-lit review, as myers and diner collect secondary research, they may have chosen studies which reflect their own theories on subjective well-being—> research, bias
-self report—> for example, social desirability would be a weakness, participants may lie and say they are happier than they actually are

Question 47

What are some positive social implications from Myers and Diners research?

Answer 47

+ could make people more happy as it could lead to more satisfaction as after all money does not equal happiness.
+ if marriage leads to happiness than marriage counselling could be promoted

Question 48

What are some negative social implications from Myers and Diners research?

Answer 48

-peoples personality and characteristic traits cannot be changed, this may make people with certain traits and characteristics feel like they can’t be happy
-Societies views have changed and this could put pressure on people stay within marriage as they don’t want to be in or to get married

Question 49

What are the conclusions of rains research?

Answer 49

The findings cannot be taken to demonstrate that violence is determined by biology alone. Social, psychological, cultural and situational factors also play a role in predisposing to violence need to consider these findings as PART of biopsychosocial explanation
Findings do not demonstrate that murderers pleading NGRI are not responsible
for their actions shouldn’t be used as evidence in court, nor do they
demonstrate that PET scanning can be used as an diagnostic technique cant
identify who is a murderer or not from these scans
The findings do not establish a causal link correlation not causation
between brain dysfunction