Therapeutics - Vaccines Flashcards by amanda kastel

3 ways that vaccine efficacy can be measured

-prevention from getting disease

-mortality (decreases mortality - ie - influenza)

-does the pt develop antibodies (hep b)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

true or false

influenza vaccine is not effective in preventing young adults from getting the disease

false- it is 90% effective

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2 types of immunity and differentiate

passive and active

passive - administering antibodies to a patient. immediate but short term immunity (dont reproduce)

active - administer antigen to induce an immune response

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

example of when we would give a “passive immunization” to a patient

to prevent contagious disease in someone recently exposed and they haven’t been vaccinated for it

ie - someone bit by rabid animal but dont have rabies vaccine - give passive immunization

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2 ways in which we could give passive immunizations

administering either immunoglobulins (antibodies derived from humans) OR antitoxins (antibodies derived from animals)

human derived better tolerated

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

true or false

active immunizations tend to give long term immunity

true

stimulating own immune system and own memory cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2 ways active immunizations can be administered

vaccines (derived from pathogen)

toxoids (derived from bacterial toxins)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2 categories of vaccines

live attenuated (weakened)

killed inactivated

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

live vaccines

weakened microorganism,

they MULTIPLY in the body and spread throughout for around 2 weeks. in this time, antigen is being processed and antibodies formed (MORE than killed AND they last longer)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

true or false

inactivated vaccines do not replicate

true

thus, need more frequent boosters

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

which type of vaccines typically have adjuvants?

inactivated/killed - gives boost to the immune response

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

true or false

when giving a live vaccine, it is possible that the patient may get a mild form of the disease

TRUE

ie - chicken pox vaccine - may get very small version of a chicken pox rash

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

why can live vaccines not be administered to immunosuppressed patients

the organism may mutate and become pathogenic again – can get the full blown disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

true or false

ALL live vaccines should be administered in immunosuppressed patients, including pregnant patients

true

the live vaccine can cross the placenta!! CONTRAINDICATED

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

**which product should not be given to pregnant patient

ANY LIVE VACCINE (coming l8er

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

true or false

inactivated vaccines do not replicate

true

cannot cause disease

any adverse effects will be LOCAL - pain, swelling, etc

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

*name the 6 live vaccines

MMR
varicella
rotavirus
intranasal influenza
yellow fever
oral typhoid capsules

EVERYTHING ELSE IS INACTIVATED

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

name 3 bacteria that have a polysaccharide coating, and thus also have vaccines that are derived from this capsule?

step pneumoniae (pneumovax)
meningococcal vaccine
h. influenzae type b

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

in which population are polysaccharide vaccines not very effective?

what is another issue with polysacchraide vaccines

children less than 2. they dont boost the immune system enough

also, the titers and antibodies produced are very low

what was done in attempt to make polysacchradie vaccines more effective

conjugated polysaccharide vaccines were made. the polysaccharide is conjugated to a protein (covalently linked)

tremendously increases the effectiveness in young children

higher antibody levels and longer lasting

3 examples of conjugated polysaccharide vaccines

pneumococcal conjugate
meningococcal conjugate (MCV4)
Hib (haemophilius influenza type B)

how often are the CDC immunization schedules updated

once a year

note to self

you can always given vaccines later than scheduled, even the 2nd in a 2 dose series - you’re just delaying the effects

however, if you give 2nd dose EARLIER than recommended, it doesnt count and doesnt work

can you give 2 or more live vaccines at the same time

YES - but has to be same day OR separated by 4 weeks

#1 vaccine preventable disease that causes fatalities

influenza

anyonw ___ and older gets the flu shot

6 months and older

true or false a young person and older person get the influenza vaccine. they work equally as well in both patients at preventing the disease

FALSE - prevention is much better in younger people (~90% effective), but effectiveness decreases as you get older

every year, new influenza vaccine formulation comes out. this contains ____ type A strains and ____ type B strains

2 type A 1 type B

*general recommendation on when to immunize for flu

start at september, aim to have everyone immunized by end of october

name 3 influenza products that are preferred for patients 65 and older

Fluzone High-Dose Fluad Flublok

differentiate between Fluzone High dose vs fluad vs floblok

all are preferred for ages 65 and older fluzone high dose is 4x the standard dose (4x the antigen) and thus has more side effects fluad contains an adjuvant to boost the immune response flublok is recombinant DNA and has 3x the standard dose (antigen)

true or false we can give any influenza vaccine to a patient 65 and older

TRUE fluzone high dose, fluad, and floblok are preferred, but not required

ONLY live influenza vaccine

flumist - intranasal

true or false flumist produces much less antibodies than the other influenza vaccines

TRUE - even tho it's the only live one, its given intranasal --- can only replicate in the sinus

who is flumist indicated for

2-49 years old -- only HEALTHY patients

differentiate between prevnar vs PPSV23

PPSV23 is a polysacchardie vaccine that produces a low amount of antibodies and is not very effective prevnar13/20 are CONJUGATED polysaccharide vaccines and are much more effective and produce a better immune response in both children and adults

differentiate between prevnar 13 and prevnar 20

prevnar 20 has 7 more strains than prevnar 13 and is much more effective

how is polio spread

fecal-oral contamination ppl got from contaminated water a lot in the past

what does polio cause

muscle paralysis if works way to diaphragm, people stop breathing

explain how the live polio vaccine is better than inactivated

live vaccine will replicate in the GI tract. you will now have antibodies against polio lining the GI tract polio is transmitted via fecal oral route. if you ingest contaminated water, it will NEVER get absorbed into the blood stream because antibodies are lining the GI also, person is shedding the virus over 2 weeks and giving immunity to others in their household

OPV vs IPV

OPV - oral poliovirus vaccine (live) IPV = inactivated poliovirus vaccine

is OPV used in the US

no - it's a live vaccine, immunosuppressed can get polio still. it's completely eradicated in the US - not worth the risk everyone gets inactivated now

diptheria

complications from diphtheria toxin can cause myocarditis, neuritis, and death

Tdap in pregnancy

EVERY pregnancy

only hepatitis that causes acute infection

hep A only around 30 days

how is hep A transmitted

fecal oral