Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

D&D Infectious Disease FINAL > Pharm - Antiviral Drugs > Flashcards

Pharm - Antiviral Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

true or false

viruses are obligate intracellular parasites

A

true

they depend on the host machinery to survive

can be considered the smallest parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

true or false

parasites are cells

A

FALSE
they are not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

true or false

There are NO DRUGS that can kill a virus

A

TRUE!
can only inhibit their growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

true or false

both bacteria and fungi can live outside the host cell while viruses cannot

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

explain the structure of a virus

A

-has a nucleic acid core (can be DNA or RNA), surrounded by a CAPSID.

-outermost is the lipoprotein envelope that as a similar function to the cell membrane, which has SPIKE PROTEINS

there are NO ORGANELLES OR NUCLEUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

nucleic acid core + capsid/coat is called…

A

nucleocapsid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

explain what the nucleic acid within the virus can be

A

ss or ds DNA or ss or ds RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

true or false

all viruses have an envelope

A

FALSE - not all do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

comparatively, the virion diameter of the herpes virus and the genome size are _______-

A

large

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

is herpes an RNA or DNA virus

A

ds linear DNA virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

only structural difference between DNA and RNA

A

RNA has an OH on carbon 2 and DNA does not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

most RNA viruses are single or double strand?

A

ss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

name 3 RNA viruses

A

retrovirus (HIV!)
coronavirus
orthomyxovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Aside from herpes virus, name 3 other DNA viruses

A

poxvirus
adenovirus
papillomavirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what disease does poxvirus cause and is it RNA or DNA

A

DNA - smallpox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

name 3 diseases caused by herpes virus

is it RNA or DNA

A

DNA

herpes
chicken pox
shingles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

name 2 diseases that adenovirus causes and is it RNA or DNA

A

DNA

sore throat, conjunctivitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

explain the replication cycle of a DNA virus

A
  1. attachment to host cell membrane and subsequent endocytosis/fusion to get into the host cell
  2. uncoating and transfer of viral DNA to the host nucleus
  3. the viral DNA can either be used to synthesize MORE viral DNA or be transcribed into viral mRNA
  4. if transcribed into viral mRNA, the host cell ribosomes are used to make various viral proteins like structural proteins, enzymes, and regulatory proteins, which can be used to assemble a new virion for release to infect other cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

when a new virion is assembled and leaves the original host cell, what is this called?

A

budding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how can the synthesis of viral DNA be inhibited and name 4 drugs that do this

A

through inhibiting viral DNA polymerase

acyclovir
vidarabine
foscarnet
ganciclovir

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

explain the replication cycle of RNA viruses

A
  1. attachment to surface of host cell via hemagglutinin and endocytosis into the host cell - endosome is formed
  2. through the M2 protein channel, H ions go into the endosome
  3. M2 allows uncoating to open the envelope and allow the genetic material (RNA) of the virus to get into the nucleus
  4. within the nucleus, the viral RNA is transcribed into either mRNA or MORE viral RNA
  5. both the mRNA and new vRNA leave the nucleus. the mRNA uses the host ribisome to produce structural and nonstructural viral proteins where they meet with the newly formed viral RNA to form a NEW VIRION WHICH BUDS OFF AND IS RELEASED FROM THE HOST CELL TO INFECT MORE CELLS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

name 2 drugs that inhibit the uncoating of the viral envelope (and thus the release of RNA into the nucleus) through inhibiting M2

A

amantadine and rimantadine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

name a drug that inhibits RNA polymerase and thus inhibits the synthesis of viral mRNA from viral RNA

A

ribavirin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

name 2 drugs that inhibit the RELEASE of RNA viruses

A

zanamavir and oseltamivir

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what do NRTIs inhibit

A

nucleic acid synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

true or false

protease inhibitors inhibit late protein synthesis and processing

A

TRUE

inhibit proteins from breaking into smaller, functional proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

true or false

influenza is a DNA virus

A

FALSE - RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

explain the MOA of anti HERPES DRUGS

A

starts with a nucleoside drug

through the VIRAL ENZYME - thymidine kinase – gets a phosphate group put on it to become MONOPHOSPHATE

then, HOST kinases need to phosphorylate 2 more times to TRIPHOSPHATE

this triphosphated nucleoside has 2 different functions:

1 is to competitively inhibit viral DNA polymerase and thus inhibit viral DNA synthesis

the other is to be incorporated into VIRAL DNA (bc structurally similar to guanidine) to cause CHAIN TERMINATION OF VIRAL DNA – cannot continue to make DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

name 3 anti herpes drugs that can skip the first step in the mechanism. how can they do this?

A

they already have 1 phosphate group (except trifluridine) and thus do not need the 1st step done by viral enzymes

trifluridine
cidofovir
foscarnet
nucleotides!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

name 3 nucleosides used as anti herpes drugs

do they need to undergo the 1st step?

A

YES - need to undergo 1st step

acyclovir
penciclovir
ganiciclovir

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

acyclovir structurally mimics…..

A

guanosine

32
Q

HHV3

A

varicella-zoster virus

it is in the herpes virus family

33
Q

HHV5

A

cytomegalovirus

it is in the herpes virus family

34
Q

HHV1 vs HHV2

A

both are herpes viruses

HHV1 is oral HHV2 is genital

35
Q

how many human herpes viruses (HHV) are there

A

8

36
Q

what type of virus is the herpes virus

A

dsDNA virus

37
Q

differentiate between lytic vs latent phase of the herpes virus

A

lytic - primary infection - you have symptoms

latent - persistent infection but no symptoms - can have intermittent reactivation

38
Q

how are herpes viruses spread to others?

A

through secretions - oral or genital secretion

39
Q

true or false

HSV2 is oral herpes

A

FALSE

HSV2 is genital and HSV1 is oral

40
Q

true or false

there is a vaccination that can prevent HSV1/2 infection

A

FALSE - NONE

41
Q

HSV1 (oral herpes) occurs most often in who??
what are some symptoms?

A

young children

causes lesions near the mouth, fever, sore throat

42
Q

COMPLICATIONS of HSV2 (genital herpes)

A

lesions other than in genital area, aseptic meningitis

43
Q

explain components of varicells zoster virus (HHV3)

A

Varicella = chickenpox

zoster = shingles

44
Q

symptoms of varicella and how long for immune system to take control

A

fever, rash
1-3 weeks

45
Q

the latent phase of the varicella-zoster virus is present where?
name some symptoms of when it’s reactivated

A

latent in the ganglion of CNS

pain, burning, red rash, itching

46
Q

7 drugs for HSV/VZV

A

acyclovir
valacyclovir

penciclovir
famiciclovir

docosanol

trifluridine
idoxuridine

47
Q

true or false

foscarnet is a nucleotide

A

FALSE

has phosphate group (so can skip 1st step) but no nucleic acid base

48
Q

MOA of acyclovir and how can you tell by looking at the structure

A

Terminates DNA elongation. BECAUSE MISSING 3’ OH GROUP!!!

Phosphate on DNA will only link to this 3’ OH group but there isn’t one present

also competitively inhibits viral DNA polymerase

49
Q

acyclovir is an _____ ____ ___ analog

A

ACYCLIC GUANINE NUCLEOSIDE

as an acyclic sugar instead of 5 membered ribose

50
Q

acyclovir lacks _______ on its side chain

A

3’ hydroxyl

51
Q

acyclovir is most potent for which herpes virus

A

mainly HSV1 then HSV2

less active vs VZV and CMV

52
Q

what does acyclovir compete with

A

GTP

53
Q

2 major resistance mechanisms against acyclovir

A
  1. MAIN = decreased production of viral thymidine kinase (1st step of phosphorylation!!)
  2. mutations in viral DNA polymerase.
54
Q

if there is resistance to acyclovir bc the virus is decreasing production of its viral thymidine kinase, are there any alternative agents we can use?

A

YES - use drugs that don’t need that 1st step:

-foscarnet
-cidofovir
-trifluridine

55
Q

aside from being used for HSV1/HSV2 treatment, what else can acyclovir be used for

A

prophylaxis in organ transplant patients

can also be helpful in HIV-HSV dual infections

56
Q

3 routes of administration for acyclovir

A

oral
IV
topical

57
Q

2 main AE’s of IV acyclovir formulation**

A

nephrotoxic and neurotoxic
can also cause headache

generally well tolerated

58
Q

what other drugs is acyclovir contraindicated with

A

other drugs that cause nephrotoxicity

59
Q

valacyclovir is a _______ of acyclovir

A

prodrug

technically all are considered prodrugs tho bc they all need to be phosphorylated

60
Q

is valacylovir given IV

A

NO - only oral

has very high oral bioavailability

61
Q

3 main AE’s of valacyclovir

A

headache
rash
nephrotoxicity

62
Q

both peniciclovir and famiciclovir are _____ analogs

A

guanine

63
Q

_____- is a diacetyl ester PRODRUG of 6-deoxypenciclovir

A

famicilovir

64
Q

true or false

famciclovir and penciclovir are nucleosides

A

TRUE

65
Q

is there any advantage to famciclovir/penciclovir over acyclovir?

A

YES - only advanatage is that they have longer tissue half life

66
Q

mechanism of famciclovir/penciclovir

A

JUST 1 MOA - inhibits viral DNA polymerase

DOES NOT DO DNA CHAIN TERMINATION

67
Q

differentiate between the routes of administration for famciclovir vs penciclovir

A

penciclovir is ONLY GIVEN TOPICALLY FOR HERPES LABIALIS AS A 1% CREAM

famciclovir however has good oral bioavailbility and is excreted in the urine

68
Q

AE famciclovir and penciclovir

A

famciclovir - same as acyclovir – headache, nephrotoxic, neurotoxic

penciclovir - only given orally so just application site reactions

69
Q

what is the only antiviral that is NOT a prodrug??
what is MOA

A

docosanol

has totally different MOA

it prevents ENTRY of the virus by inhibiting fusion of the viral envelope to the host cell membrane

70
Q

how is docosanol administered

A

only as a cream for orolabial herpes (around mouth) – available OTC

71
Q

true or flase

docosonal needs to be used in the early stages of viral infection or it will have no benefit

A

TRUE

72
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

trifluridine can be used for acyclovir-resistant HSV infection

A

true!!!

it doesnt need the1st step by viral thymidine kinase

it’s phosphorylated by HOST ENZYMES to triphosphate

73
Q

trifluridine MOA

A

inhibits viral DNA synthesis by incorporating into the DNA strand through viral DNA polymerase

prevents base pairing

ALSO the monophosphate form inhibits thymidylate synthase, thus inhibiting thymine production

74
Q

true or false

trifluridine cannot be used if there is mutation in the viral enzyme for thymidine kinase

A

FALSE - it can

75
Q
A

D&D Infectious Disease FINAL (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions