THEORY TEST #2 Flashcards
Which statement about the nervous system is FALSE?
A) It is a System highly resistant to change
B) It responds and adapts to changes in the environment
C) It forms a continuous and dynamic tissue
D) It integrates information and responds to changes
A) It is a System highly resistant to change
Which connective tissue layer encases a single neuron? A) Perineurium B) Endoneurium C) Epineurium D) Mesoneurium
B) Endoneurium
Which statement best describes the functions of the peripheral nervous system?
A) It integrates sensory and motor impulses facilitating body functions
B) It facilitates many body functions by integrating sensory impulses
C) It carries nerve impulses to the CNS and to effectors
D) It processes afferent impulses and responds via motor signals
C) It carries nerve impulses to the CNS and to effectors
Autonomic functions are mediated by action of which nervous system division? A) Sensory and motor B) Somatic and sympathetic C) Somatic and parasympathetic D) Parasympathetic and sympathetic
D) Parasympathetic and sympathetic
Which cell is associated with myelination in the PNS? A) Astrocytes B) Schwann cells C) Oligodendrocytes D) Ependymal cells
B) Schwann cells
Which ion is crucial for the release of neurotransmitter molecules at the pre-synaptic membrane? A) Na+ B) K+ C) Ca++ D) Cl-
C) Ca++
Which statement about graded potentials is FALSE?
A) They can summate to generate action potentials
B) They are self-propagating and act over long distances
C) They are short lived local changes in membrane potential
D) They are changes in potential that can be inhibitory or excitatory
B) They are self-propagating and act over long distances
Which statement about myelinated axons is TRUE?
A) Action potentials are initiated along the entire length of the neuron
B) Voltage-gated channels are found only at axon terminals
C) Myelination decreases the rate of Salvatore conduction
D) Myelination allows for the rapid transmission of nerve impulses
D) Myelination allows for the rapid transmission of nerve impulses
Which event is typical of neurotransmission?
A) Calcium ions are pumped into the axon terminal
B) Nuerotransmitter molecules bind to pre-synaptic membrane
C) Neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft
D) It always results in initiation and propagation of action potentials
C) Neurotrasnmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft
Which event leads to the generation of excitatory post-synaptic potentials? A) Closing of Na+1 channels B) Closing of K+1 channels C) Opening of Cl-1 channels D) Opening of Na+1 channels
D) Opening of Na+1 channels
Which statement describes adaptation in sensory receptors?
A) Does not generate actions potentials when a stimulus is initially applied
B) Keeps generating action potentials despite removal of the stimulus
C) Stops generating action potentials once the stimulus has been removed
D) Stops generating action potentials despite continued presence of the stimulus
D) Stops generating action potentials despite continued presence of the stimulus
Voltage-gated channels respond to A) Neurotransmitters B) Membrane distortions C) Hormonal stimuli D) Electrical signals
D) Electrical signals
The ectoderm gives rise to which of the following tissues? A) Connective and nervous B) Connective and muscle C) Nervous and epithelial D) Nervous and muscle
C) Nervous and epithelial
Which statement describes a converging neuronal circuit?
A) It is one pre-synaptic neuron synapses on several postsynaptic neurons
B) It is several pre-synaptic neurons synapse on one post-synaptic neuron
C) It is common in reflexive pathways and allows for repetitious movement
D) It is associated with controlling activities such as the sleep-wake cycle
B) It is several pre-synaptic neurons synapse on one post-synaptic neuron
Pacinian corpuscles in the skin provide information about which sensory modality? A) Tendon stretch B) Pain and temperature C) Deep pressure and stretch D) Balance and body position
C) Deep pressure and stretch
Which sensory receptor does NOT transmit proprioceptive signals to the brain? A) Ruffini’s corpuscles B) Muscle spindles C) Joint kinesthetic receptors D) Meissner’s corpuscles
D) Meissner’s corpuscles
Which type of signal is transmitted along 1st order neurons? A) Sensory to the spinal cord B) Motor to pyramidal cells C) Sensory to the brain D) Motor to muscles
A) Sensory to the spinal cord
Which tract does not decussate at the medulla oblongata A) Fasciculus cuneatus B) Lateral Corticospinal C) Lateral spinothalamic D) Fasciculus Gracilis
C) Lateral spinothalamic
Which term describes a lack of sensation A) Anaesthesia B) Somesthesia C) Kinaesthsia D) Brandykineasia
A) Anaesthesia
The Fasciculi Gracilis and cunneatus transmit nerve signals associated with which sensory modality? A) Discriminative touch B) Pain and temperature C) Gross motor coordination D) Regulation of vital signs
A) Discriminative touch
Which area of the brain enables us to identify objects without looking at them? A) Primary motor cortex B) Premotor cortex C) Primary somatosensory D) Somatosensory association
D) Somatosensory association
Damage to which sensory area of the cerebral cortex results in functional blindness? A) Vestibular cortex B) Primary visual area C) Gustatory cortex D) Wernicke’s area
B) Primary visual area
Which statement about the thalamus syndrome is FALSE?
A) It is a condition due to an infarct leading to tissue necrosis
B) It is manifested by motor dysfunction limited to one side of the body
C) It is manifested by a loss of sensation on one side of the body
D) It is accompanied occasionally by hypersensitivity to heat and cold
B) It is manifested by motor dysfunction limited to one side of the body
Which statement describes somatotophy
A) Mapping of regions of the body in CNS structures
B) Contralateral manifestations due to cortical injury
C) Functional specialization of hemispheric activity
D) Cerebral dominance in reflexive behaviours
A) Mapping of regions of the body in CNS structures
Which level of neuronal integration is associated with the spinal cord A) Circuit B) Programs C) Segmental D) Projection
A) Circuit
Which area does the medulla oblongata regulate? A) Pain discrimination B) Balance and muscle tone C) Gross Motor coordination D) Vital functions
D) Vital functions
Which area of the brain is primarily responsible for activating fascial muscles concerned with speech? A) Brocca’s B) Gnostic C) Wernicke’s D) Brodmanns
A) Brocca’s
Which brain center is NOT active in controlling body movement? A) Cerebral cortex B) Hypothalamus C) Basal Nuclei D) Cerebellum
B) Hypothalamus
Which statement about damage to the motor cortex is TRUE?
A) Damage to the motor cortex rarely results in paralysis of large muscles
B) Specific muscles paralyzed due to cortical injury depend on the site of injury
C) Lesions result in hemiplegia of the ipsilateral side
D) Posterior primary cortex lesions lead to paresis of distal extensor muscles
B) Specific muscles paralyzed due to cortical injury depend on the site of injury
The basal nuclei are instrumental in regulating \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ A) Pain discrimination B) Balance and muscle tone C) Motor coordination D) Vital functions
C) Motor coordination
In which area do upper motor neurons synapse on lower motor neurons?
A) Lateral Corticospinal tracts
B) Dorsal horns of spinal cord segments
C) Anterior horns of spinal cord segments
D) Nerve roots entering the anterior horns
C) Anterior horns of spinal cord segments
Which statement about levels of reflex action is TRUE?
A) Segmental Level circuits are associated with several spinal cord segments
B) Intersegmental levels include spinal cord segments and the brain
C) Segmental level reflexes elicit limited motor responses
D) Suprasegmental responses involve hypothalamus
C) Segmental level reflexes elicit limited motor responses
Which state is a result of the destruction of lower motor neurons? A) Flaccid paralysis B) Spastic paralysis C) Hyperthesia D) Fasciculations
A) Flaccid paralysis
Which statement about the stretch reflex is FALSE?
A) Reduces the force of muscle contraction to prevent injury
B) Results in muscle contraction to prevent tearing of muscle fibres
C) Associated with a simple monosynaptic reflex arc
D) A direct afferent-to-efferent neuron reflex
A) Reduces the force of muscle contraction to prevent injury
Muscle tone is regulated primarily by the action of which set of neuromuscular circuits?
A) Alpha motor neurons on intrafusal fibres
B) Alpha motor neurons on the extramural fibres
C) Gamma motor neurons on the intrafusal fibres
D) Gamma motor neurons on the extramural fibres
C) Gamma motor neurons on the intrafusal fibres
Which statement about hypoxia is TRUE?
A) It is damage due to reduced tissue perfusion is extensive
B) Hypoxia respresents a severe loss of blood supply to an area
C) Hypoxia is fairly well tolerated by the brain and compensated for
D) Auto-regulation is ineffective in compensating for the effects of hypoxia
C) Hypoxia is fairly well tolerated by the brain and compensated for
Which structure produces 90% of the CSF? A) Astrocytes B) Dural sinuses C) Choroid plexus D) Lateral ventricles
C) Choroid plexus
Which statement about blood supply to the brain is TRUE?
A) Auto-regulation helps to maintain cerebral blood flow and pressure
B) The circle of Willis is a venous anastomoses in the brain
C) The vertebral artery provides blood supply to their posterior neck
D) Parasympathetic Innervation controls major blood vessels to the brain
A) Auto-regulation helps to maintain cerebral bloods flow and pressure
Which set names the meninges from superficial to deep?
A) Dura mater/arachnoid mater/Pia mater
B) Dura mater/ Pia mater/arachnoid mater
C) Pia mater/arachnoid mater/ dura mater
D) Arachnoid mater/ Dura mater/ Pia mater
A) Dura mater/ Arachnoid mater/ Pia mater
Cytotoxic edema does NOT lead to \_\_\_\_\_ A) Neuronal necrosis B) Stupor or coma C) Grey matter swelling D) Reduced intracranial Pressure
D) Reduced intracranial pressure
Which statement about cerebrovascular accidents is FALSE?
A) Cognitive deficits may result
B) There is no associated motor loss
C) It results in infarction and focal ischemia
D) It can be due to blood vessel obstruction
B) There is no associated motor loss
Resting tremors, difficulty initiating movement and rigidity are symptoms associated with which condition? A) Seizure disorders B) Spinal cord injuries C) Alzheimer’s disease D) Parkinson’s disease
D) Parkinson’s disease
Where in the brain does the initiation of voluntary movement occur?
Primary Motor Cortex
What cells reside in the primary motor cortex?
Pyramidal Cells
List any tracts that descend from the pyramidal cells and their alternate names
Anterior and Lateral Pyramidal (Corticospinal) tracts
Do pyramidal tracts decussate??
Yes
Where do the Anterior and Lateral Pyramidal tracts decussate?
Anterior Corticospinal decussates at SC level
Lateral Corticospinal decussates at Medulla
Cecile is not having a great day. She fell down a hill and suffered a head injury. Cecile’s upper motor neurons have been injured, what area of the brain are these in and how will her injury manifest?
Primary motor cortex, Spasticity
List effects of a neuromodulator
Presynaptic: - Affect synthesis and release of NTs - Affect degradation or re-uptake of NTs Post-synaptic: - Change in receptor sensitivity
Jared fell asleep last night with his arm over the back of a chair. He has damaged one of his LMNs in the process. What are some of the resulting symptoms that Jared can expect?
Paresis ranging to flaccidity and flaccid paralysis of affected muscles
Mary was fishing for her keys inside of her purse at her front door. What part of Marys brain enables her to identify which purse object is her keys vs her lipstick
Somatosensory association
Mix n Match Dysmetria - Slow Movement Hyperesthesia - Awareness of movement Bradykinesia - Heightened perception Anaesthesia - Overshooting or undershooting Kinathesia - Loss of sensation
Hyperesthesia - Heightened sensation Bradykinesia - Slow movement Anaesthesia - Loss of sensation Kinaesthesia - Awareness of movement Dysmetria - Overshooting or undershooting
List the levels of motor and sensory integration
Motor - Programs and instruction aka. Precommand level, projection level, circuit level
Sensory - Receptor level, Circuit level, perceptual level
Compare and contrast the CNS to the PNS
CNS = Brain SC PNS = Receptors and neurons peripheral to the brain SC
Which division of the nervous system is most associated with homeostasis
Parasympathetic
List neurological support cells and their roles (specify CNS or PNS)
CNS:
- Astrocytes: Maintain the chemical environment neurons
- Ependymal cells: Create CSF and the BBB
- Oligodendrocytes: Myelination cells in CNS
- Microglial: Phagocytosing cells
PNS:
- Schwann cells: Myelination in PNS
- Satellite cells: Maintain chemical environment of neurons
What is the point of myelination anyways?
Increases the speed of signal transmission
Describe 1st, 2nd and 3rd order neurons - also list PNS or CNS for each
1st order neurons - PNS receptor to periphery
2nd order neurons - CNS originate in dorsal horn, terminate cerebellum or thalamus (via reticular formation)
3rd order neurons - CNS originate in thalamus and terminate on cortex
Similarly describe motor neurons
UMNs - Pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts originating in the motor cortex and brain stem nuclei terminating in the ventral horn CNS
LMNs - Originating in ventral horn and terminating on the effector (skeletal mm, cardiac mm or glands) PNS
List the layers of connective tissue that encase a nerve
Epineurium - Around entire nerve
Perineurium - Around fascicles of nerve cells
Endoneurium - Encasing individual nerve cells
Which area in the brain is the main integration centre for autonomic activity? A) Hypothalamus B) Medulla Oblongata C) Thalamus D) Epithalamus
A) Hypothalamus
List Proprioceptors
Muscle spindle Golgi tendon organs Ruffini corpuscles Joint kinesthetic receptors Pacinian corpuscles
Which state characterizes Repolarization
A) Decreased membrane permeability to K+
B) Return to the resting membrane potential
C) Change in the resting membrane potential
D) Increased membrane permeability to Na+
B) Return to the resting membrane potential
Mix n Match Na+ channels - Resting K+ channels - Action-Propagating K+/Na+ Pump - Graded inhibitory Voltage gated channels - Graded excitatory
Na+ channels - Graded excitatory
K+ channels - Graded inhibitory
K+/Na+ Pump - Resting
Voltage gated channels - Action-Propagating
Describe synaptic delay
The time it takes for neurotransmitters to enter and cross the synapse and bind to chemically gated channels in order to open them up. This increases the amount of time it takes for the signal to be transmitted
Mix n Match
1st order - Thalamus
2nd order - PNS
3rd order - Decussate
1st order - PNS
2nd order - Decussate
3rd order - Thalamus
Jerome is the newest contestant on the hunger games. Or at least he is now in a situation where his nervous system must be concerned with his survival. Which branch of Jeromes NS is currently active?
Sympathetic
An area of the brain exists that does not receive any sensory input
True or False
True
Which type of cell creates CSF? A) Ependymal B) Astrocytes C) Schwann D) Oligodendrocytes
A) Ependymal
Dr. Frankenstein just came back from Costco with another load of adult diapers for his latest monster. She’s been having trouble with her proprioceptive functions, which tract did Dr. Frankenstein likely mess up? A) Reticulospinal B) Spinocerebellar C) Vestibulospinal D) Rubrospinal
A) Spinocerebellular
Mix n Match EPSPs - Cl- IPSPs - Na+ Action Potential Depolarization - Ca+ Release of NTs - Na+
EPSPs - Na+
IPSPs - Cl-
Action Potential Depolarization - Na+
Release of NTs - Ca+
Describe a neuronal pool
Functional groups of billions of association neurons that integrate incoming information and facilitate coordinated responses to environmental stimuli
Samwell woke with a start from his afternoon nap. He was aware of a weird tickling sensation touching the skin of his body but oddly enough he unable to pinpoint where the sensation was originating from. What ability has Samwell lost?
Spatial discrimination
Which type of synaptic junctions tend to modulate signals? A) Axoaxonic B) Axodendritic C) Dendrodendritic D) Axosomatic
A) Axoaxonic
Mix n Match Diverging - Diverge+Converge Parallel after discharge - few neurons -many Reverberating - many neurons - few Converging - synapses back
Diverging - few neurons - many
Parallel after discharge - diverge+converge
Reverberating - synapses back
Converging - many neurons - few
Which circuit is used in positive feedback mechanisms?
Reverberating
Muscle tone is primarily maintained by the activity of the _______ motor system
Gamma Motor
Upon which type of mm fibre does gamma motor neuron act on?
Intrafusal mm fibres
Which area of the brain feeds into the gamma motor neuron system and helps maintain mm tone
Cerebellum
Which area of the cerebral cortex is associated with intellect, memory, and complex learning abilities? A) Wernicke’s area B) Visceral association C) General interpretation D) Prefrontal cortex
D) Prefrontal cortex
Mix n Match
Somatosensory association - Language
Limbic association area - Sensory integration
Prefrontal cortex - Emotional context
Wernicke’s area - Understanding/Formulation of thoughts
Somatosensory association - Sensory integration
Limbic association area - Emotional context
Prefrontal cortex - Understanding/Formulation of thoughts
Wernicke’s area - Language
Which statement about the stretch reflex is true?
A) It reduces the force of muscle contraction to prevent injury
B) It is activated by GTO sensory neurons and nociceptors
C) It is a complex reflex that activates multi-synaptic pathways
D) It is initiated by mm spindles in response to forceful stretch
D) It is initiated by mm spindles in response to forceful stretch
List the various ascending tracts and their associated modalities
Lateral spinothalamic tract - pain sensation, temperature
Fasiculus grascilis tract - discriminative touch, pressure and body position - lower body
Fasiculus cuneatus - discriminative touch, pressure and boy position - upper body
Anterior spinothalamic tract - crude touch and pressure
Spinocerebellar - proprioception
