Theory (Semester 2)

Question 1

Agriculture

Answer 1

Changed settlement patterns and social organisation. Possibly came about bc of climate change, population growth (Ester Boserup), or both (Binford). Possibly because of feasting foods becoming staples as well (Hayden)

Question 2

Food production

Answer 2

Management of resources and farming (done by both hunt.-gath. and farmers)

Question 3

Lewis Henry Morgan

Answer 3

Society goes through three revolutionary periods:

1) Savagery (hunt-gath)
2) Barbarism (agri.)
3) Civilisation (chief/state lvl)

Question 4

Gordon Childe

Answer 4

2 revolutions - neolithic and urban, w/ urban bringing about agriculture

Question 5

David Rindos

Answer 5

Agriculture a co-evo event between plants, animals and ppl. ~symbiotic

Question 6

Tim Ingold

Answer 6

Difference between hunt-gath (trust and respect) and agriculturalist (complete domination over nature) relationship and views on natural world

Question 7

Domestication

Answer 7

Selective breeding to the point where plant/animal is reliant of people in order to reproduce

Question 8

Mesoamerica

Answer 8

Primary centre for agriculture. Domesticated plants included beans, maize, and squash - ie the “three sisters” as called by the Iroquoians

Question 9

Eastern Woodlands

Answer 9

Diet = shellfish, fish, mass forest resources - before agriculture

Question 10

Shellmounds

Answer 10

Easter Woodlands. Important to culture and diet - food and building materials

Question 11

Ontario agri origins

Answer 11

Plants closest to settlement domesticated first due to proximity (knotweed, barley, goosefeet). Maize not so important until rise of sedentary lifestyles ~1000CE

Question 12

Vinette I Potter

Answer 12

Eastern Woodlands. Coiling technique, with fabric pressing for patterns. Low firing temperature = low durability

Question 13

Ancestral Pueblo region (American SW)

Answer 13

Agri came from Mesoamerica. Region along Rio Grande river. Maize and squash - 3200 yrs ago. Pit houses - 8500 yrs ago. Kiva = subterranean ceremonial structures.

Question 14

Chaco Canyon

Answer 14

Huge - 5+ stories tall, with walls that were possible defensive, or to control access to city. Mostly for storage - ritual center, possible.

Question 15

Iroquoians

Answer 15

Settlements small in size before increasing. Longhouses within palisaded villages, with evidence of interpersonal violence in the Late Iroquoian period.

Question 16

Andes (Mountains)

Answer 16

Multiple ecological zones that affected domestication and agriculture, and were still fairly mobile with it. Domesticated animals first, then plants (quinoa and beans)

Question 17

Andes (Coast)

Answer 17

Had settled villages before agriculture (cotton??, maize). Relied mostly on hunt-gath.

Question 18

Africa

Answer 18

Primary agri. center - millet, coffee, rice etc.

Question 19

China

Answer 19

Ride and millet. Pottery dates back 2000 yrs ago - when hunt-gath were still around.

Question 20

Social complexity

Answer 20

Societies with multiple parts and roles that are integrated as a whole. Many have some form of social inequality.

Question 21

Fried vs Service on various social structures

Answer 21

Friend: Egalitarian ranked, stratified, state

Service: Band, tribe, chiefdom, state

Question 22

Non-centralised society

Answer 22

Power in hands of various of many

Question 23

Centralised society

Answer 23

Power in hands of few - ie. elite. Often control production, trade, and other social elements.

Question 24

Gordon Childe’s requirements for a city

Answer 24

Densely populated
Has full time specialists
Tithes or taxes to elite
Monumental 'public' buildings (infrastructure or buildings for elite)
Writing systems
Science
Art
Long distance trade
Agriculture

Question 25

Bruce Trigger

Answer 25

Definition of state: politically organised society regarded by its residents as sovereign or politically independent.

Question 26

City state

Answer 26

Territorally small, large primary centre (capital), high population in major urban centres with many farmers living in these centres

Question 27

Territorial state

Answer 27

Large territories, hierarchies of daminstration centres, urban popiulation modest in size, but with lots of different classes