Theory

Question 1

Radiocarbon dating

Answer 1

measures decay of C14. Organic material only. Sites younger than 40,000.

Question 2

Argon Dating

Answer 2

K-Ar dating for volcanic based materials. Argon “resets” and begins accumulating after lava crystallizes. Often for stone tools.

Question 3

Paleomagnetic

Answer 3

Measures the actual bullshit that is Earth’s magnetic polarity changing on our fucking asses, which is reflected in the composition in sediments deposited.

Question 4

Thermoluminescence

Answer 4

Measures light emitted from energy stored in certain minerals after they’ve been heated/tHROW INTO A FUCKING FIRE ty neanderthals.

Question 5

Context

Answer 5

Specific details in the stratigraphic level the artifact was found in, which give it meaning and importance because otherwise it’s literally a pointy shaped rock. CAN’T BE REPRODUCED AFTER EXCAVATION so record everything you piece of shit

Question 6

Provenience

Answer 6

(think convenience) tHE PRECISE context of the artifact

Question 7

Goal of survey

Answer 7

To find shit basically. It’s about finding and cataloging remains of human activity.

Question 8

Sampling strategy

Answer 8

Carefully selecting small sections/samples of a survey area to represent the larger area. Hopefully the ones you pick actually have stuff.

Question 9

Horizontal excavation

Answer 9

Focuses on a particular slice of time. Breadth.

Question 10

Vertical excavation

Answer 10

Overview of different time periods and the events that occurred during them in a specific site. Depth.

Question 11

Law of Superposition

Answer 11

YOU KNOW THIS SHIT. THE HOT YOUNG THING GETS TOP.

Question 12

Typology VS Attribute Analysis

Answer 12

List of artifacts for aparticular arch. context, looks at how objects may change over time VS looking at artifacts down to their individual characteristics ie attributes

Question 13

MNI

Answer 13

Minimum Number of Individuals. Counting what’s actually there, basically. You account for the individual bodies, which more accurately accounts for the population.

Question 14

NISP

Answer 14

Number of Identifiable Species. Every bone is basically an individual. Accounts for how many of a type of species we can find.

Question 15

CRM archaeology. and key legislations

Answer 15

Cultural Resource Management - deals with material culture of arch. remains. Think ethics. Enforced by the Nation Historic Preservation Act (USA) and the Ontario Heritage Act (On., CA).

Question 16

Boucher de Perthes

Answer 16

The Legolas of our time. Along with Charles Lyell, took one look at history and thought people were “old…. old as balls.” Discovered stone tools alongside bones of extinct animals.

Question 17

Three Age System

Answer 17

Divided up artifacts into their material used to manufacture them - Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages.

Question 18

Gordon Childe

Answer 18

Further classified Stone Age into Paleiolithic (hunter-gatherer with emergence of increasingly modern humans and stone tool) and Neolithic (agriculture). Arch record to him was a series of “revolutions” based on shifts in production rather than materials. Ie changes in material culture were related or the cause of changes in society.

Question 19

New Archaeology/Processual Archaeology

Answer 19

LEWIS BINFORD FLIPPING THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMMUNITY AND TELLING THEM THAT THEY’RE WRONG. Argued that arch should be viewed as a science, where interpretation of artifacts and societies should be made through inductive reasoning, and culture was an adaption to the environment.

Question 20

Post-Processual Archaeology

Answer 20

IAN HODDER LOOKED AS PROCESS. ARCH. AND WAS LIKE, HOLD UP. Arch is a historical science that should be approached using hermeneutics - looking at the context and content to make interpretations. Post-process. arch. is a critique on the white-bread dom. view narrative of arch. that doesn’t account for social elements like politics, gender and equities that would have shaped individual thought, experiences and reality. INTERSECTIONALITY HAS COME TO ARCH.

Question 21

Historical Archaeology

Answer 21

Understand the past where written records exist. Combines his. and arch. sources to further contextualise what we know of the past and our understanding of it.

Question 22

Manhattan Burial Ground project

Answer 22

Rediscovered 1991. Cemetery displays evid. of African burial rituals being performed when possible.

Question 23

Hominin dispersal

Answer 23

Expand range - spatial

Question 24

Hominin radiation

Answer 24

Variation within a single lineage, leading to multiple species within a genus/derivatives - spatial and temporal

Question 25

3 possible phylogentic relationships between neanderthals and modern humans

Answer 25

1) Split after H. erectus
2) H. erectus to H. antecessor, then split
3) Split after H. erectus, but gene flow present despite speciation

Question 26

Neanderthal skulls

Answer 26

flexed - possibly don’t have the same language capacity that we do

Question 27

Oxygen Isotope model

Answer 27

Glacial build up contributes to heavier oceans because of oxygen composition changes. Can be dated using foraminifera organisms, which reflect the change sin climate because of the oxygen composition, creating stratigraphic levels on the sea floor with distinctive compositions.

Question 28

Bordes + stone tools

Answer 28

Categorisation of tool types (typologies) for Middle Paleolithic tools (ie neanderthals) - tools products of distinct ethnic groups

Question 29

Binford + stone tools

Answer 29

Neanderthals only acting on fundamental needs - tools reflected what they needed

Question 30

Dibble + stone tools ie FRISON EFFECT

Answer 30

Sounds cooler than it actually is. Retouching of tools created different tools. Attributes = life history of the tool

Question 31

Boeda

Answer 31

Stone tools industries taught and socialised into group s - stone tools reflected learned patterns of behaviour that were passed down to next generation