Sites, Cultures, and Social groups (Semester 2)

Question 1

Hohokam

Answer 1

500-1050 CE. American SW. Farming communities with settlements of houses surrounding an inner court. Had ball courts - influence from Mesoamerica.

Question 2

Hohokam (Classic)

Answer 2

1050 CE. Settlement hierarchy more defined. Platform mounds rise in use, creating Great Houses.

Question 3

Pueblo Grande

Answer 3

Hohokam, ~1050 CE. Stratified population, with ritual and trade controlled by elite.

Question 4

Ancestral Pueblo

Answer 4

American SW. Semi-sedentary farmers. Squash.

Question 5

Shabik’eschee

Answer 5

Site. Ancestral Pueblo - located in Chaco Canyon, 1050 CE. Kiva with apartment style complexes surrounding it.

Question 6

Pueblo Bonito

Answer 6

American SW. Ancestral Pueblo. 800-1120 CE. Restricted to elite, but works must have had to live nearby to construct it - smaller mounds found outside, but no kivas. Possibly used as a ritual center. Long distance trade (copper, macaw feathers, cacao pods and vessels). Trade all on foot = road system/Chacoan Network.

Question 7

Newark Earthworks Complex

Answer 7

E. Woodlands. 1200 CE. Artifacts, maize agriculture, 4-sided platform mounds. Ceremonial center for dispersed population.

Question 8

Cahokia

Answer 8

E. Woodlands. 1050 CE. Massive plaza, and Monk’s Mound (platform mound where elite lived). Palisade built around 1200CE - exclusion of lower class from plaza possibly a ploy to control ritual. Standardised house structures.

Question 9

Mound 72

Answer 9

Cahokia, E. Woodlands, 1050 CE. Burial of man in shell bead coat shaped like a thunderbird along with 50 male+female retainers.

Question 10

Tsimshian Territory

Answer 10

NW Coast. Maintained principal towns, with influence and territory along Skeena river. House structure society and architecture. Eulachon, herring, and salmon played important roles in diet and cultural material. Class based society that incorporated potlatches as a method for prestige.

Question 11

House structure

Answer 11

NW Coast - houses acted as a building and a social unit

Question 12

Ozette

Answer 12

NW Coast. 300-500 YA. Landslide both destroyed and preserved village. Revealed a built environment with massive shell middens dating back almost 9000 YA.

Question 13

Nomu

Answer 13

Ozette, NW Coast. 8860-6000 YA. Shell midden. Indicates intensive salmon fishing and storage.

Question 14

Kebaran and Geometric Kabaran

Answer 14

Fertile crescent. 25-15 KYA. Geometric bladelets. Hunted animals and harvested wild grains. Nomadic, with exceptions (Ohalo II, N. israel, 23 KYA - fishing, grain, fruit).

Question 15

Pre Pottery Neolithic A / PPNA

Answer 15

Mesopotamia. 12-10.8 KYA. Mostly hunter-gatherers, though settlements of mud-brick present. Only harvesting barley, not planting. Domesticated figs?

Site: Netiv Hagolud. Mud-brick architecture - constantly rebuilt. Formed tells (hills from human activity).

Question 16

Natufian

Answer 16

Mesopotamia. 15-12 KYA. “Complex hunter-gatherers.” Crescent shaped bladelets. Hunted gazelle - control burns to attract them. Sites have evidence for grain processing.
Site: Mellaha. Sub-floor burials underneath stone houses - possibly increasing sedentism, but unclear.

Question 17

Pre Pottery Neolithic B / PPNB

Answer 17

Mesopotamia. 10.8-8.5 KYA. Agriculture = grains, pulses, legumes. Occurs before domestication of animals (sheep + goats). Larger settlements with increased population density - recangular houses packed close together. Plastered skulls - ancestor worship?

Question 18

Pre Pottery Neolithic C / PPNC

Answer 18

Mesopotamia. 8.5-7 KYA. Collapse of settlement system.

Site: Catalhoyuk, Turkey. 9-8 KYA. ???

Question 19

Europe

Answer 19

8,5-6 KYA - domestication of plants and animals. People from Middle E/Mesopotamia migrated with domesticated grain and animals.

Question 20

Star Car

Answer 20

Britain, 10.7 KYA. Productive coastal plain.

Question 21

Lindear Band Keramik

Answer 21

Europe, 7.2-6.5 KYA. Large, rectangular, wood houses. Pottery had linear desigins.

Question 22

Three Sisters

Answer 22

Iroquoian name for beans, squash and maize - often planted together.

Question 23

Guita Naquitz Cave

Answer 23

10-8.3 KYA. Squash was the first to be domesticated, followed by maize 6.25 KYA.

Question 24

Coxcalan Cave

Answer 24

Tehuacan Valley, 2.5 KYA. Domesticated beans.

Question 25

Mesoamerica, Formative period

Answer 25

2000 BCE - 20 CE. Fully sedentary village, but no evidence for social hierarchies. Introduction of pottery happened after agriculture - changed food processing, storing, cooking. Didn’t domiesticate many animals aside from turkeys in 300 BCE.

Question 26

Eastern Woodlands, Archaic period

Answer 26

Broad spectrum hunter-gatherers, with food from multiple sources (knotwood, goosefoot, barley). Grinding stone and storage to process plants for food - 6.3 KYA.
3.4 KYA Introduction of maize and squash through diffusion or migration.
Mounds for burials.

Question 27

Uruk

Answer 27

Mesopotamia. First city. Authorities = temple/ziggaraut and palace (ensi = king), city council Cuneiform.

Question 28

Egypt

Answer 28

4000-1070 BCE. Enshrined social structures and hierarchies. State level society that developed in a unqiue geographical context where cities played a minimal role in the development of the state. Goes through periods of unified rule, and chaos.

Question 29

Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)

Answer 29

3000-2575 BCE. Not unified. 2 large sites:
Heirankoppolis
Abydos - mortuary site with prototype pyramids

Question 30

Old Kingdom (Egypt)

Answer 30

2575-2134 BCE. First instance of unified rule - power centralised in Lower Egypt. Pyramid building increases in scale (Snefru’s Bent Pyramid and Red Pyramid).

Question 31

Middle KIngdom

Answer 31

Egypt. 2040-1640 BCE.Restablished control under Thebes dynasty in Upper Egypt.

Question 32

New Kingdom

Answer 32

Egypt. 1532-1070 BCE. Reunification under Thebes dynasty. Pharaohs of the Exodus (Eg Tutankhamen, Ramses…) Egypt becomes an empire and participates in global trade.

Question 33

Harappan Civilization

Answer 33

Indus Valley. 2600-1900 BCE. Communities formed on the foothills of the Balouchistan Plateau. Had some contact with the Middle E. - agriculture (wheat, barley, goats), and textual reference in Mesopotamian texts (were called Melluha).

Question 34

Mehrgarh

Answer 34

Indus Valley. Agricultural settlement with little evidence of settlement planning, though granaries have grid-like pattern characteristic of later Harappan society.

Question 35

Pre-Harappan Period

Answer 35

Indus Valley. 3300-2600 BCE. Settlements moved from foothills to Indus Valley - larger in size. Sites in this period have similar architecture for housing, waste disposal, etc. No monumental architecture, though public works like walls and the Great Bath are present.

Question 36

Harappan Period

Answer 36

Indus Valley. 2600-1900 BCE. State-lvl society emerges, with large urban centres. Emphasis in city planning. ‘Neighbourhoods’ located on separate mounds, which are also walled. Elite usually lived in a section taller than the rest. Highly standardised architecture and planning = bureaucracy and organisation.

Question 37

Mohenjo-Daro

Answer 37

Indus Valley. Has the Great Bath - public or monumental structure open to all classes.

Question 38

China

Answer 38

Agriculture dates back to possibly 3000-2000 BCE in the Long Shan period, thought settlement hierarchies began before that. City-states developed as dynasties began taking control of large lands.

Question 39

Erlitou

Answer 39

China. 1800 BCE. Xia dynasty city-state. Temple-palace complex at center, with craft spciealists surrounding it. Where the Chinese sphere of interaction seems to have begun.

Question 40

Angkor

Answer 40

Cambodia. Mix of Chinese and Indian influences. Khmer empire developed in this area 802-1327 CE. Ankgor Thom + Wat.

Question 41

Olmecs

Answer 41

Mesoamerica. 12-3 KYA. First to be fully sedentary with settlement hierarchy. ‘Mother’ of Mesoamerican culture. Regal ritual centers with sacred precincts; many cities appear to be pilgrimage centers - had ball courts and plazas.

Question 42

Teotihuacan

Answer 42

Mesoamerica. 1-200 CE. Rose to power through control of obsidian mines and trade, and military conquest - power through conquering and trade. Huge sacred precinct (Avenue of the Dead, Pyramid of the Sun/Moon, Temple of the Feathered Serpent).

Question 43

Maya

Answer 43

Mesoamerica. 250-700 CE. Used milpas for agriculture. Elite seen as partly divine, and priests mediators between people and gods. Three important calendars -(365 day, 260 day, long count). Collapse 870 CE - began to stop maintenance and abandoned cities. Human sacrifice.

Question 44

Tenochtitlan

Answer 44

Mesoamerica. 1200-1500 CE. Aztec city that rose to power with Triple Alliance - brought about the rise of the Aztec empire. Used chinampas for agriculture. Sacred precinct = Great Temple Mayor.

Question 45

Chavin de Huantar

Answer 45

Andes. 900 BCE. Pilgrimage center with tunnels underneath creating a sort of auditory experience. In 500 BCE became somewhat a religious empire - iconography spread throughout area.

Question 46

Inca

Answer 46

Andes. 1200-1533 CE. Capital = Cuzco. Inherited panaqa (allyu) system and road+outpost system from previous state/empires of region. Farmed maize, taxed through labour and goods. Palace becomes burial ground after king’s death, so each king had to acquire own wealth and power - drove expansion and conquest?