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Clinical diagnostics > theory questions best of > Flashcards

theory questions best of Flashcards

1
Q

Primary skin lesions

A
  1. Macule
  2. Patch
  3. Papule
  4. Plaque
  5. Nodule
  6. Tuber
  7. Tumor
  8. Wheals
  9. Vesicles
  10. Bulla
  11. Cysts
  12. Pustules
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2
Q

Both primary or secondary skin lesions

A
  1. Alopecia
  2. Scales
  3. Crusts
  4. Comedons
  5. Follicular casts
  6. Hypo / Hyper pigmentation
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3
Q

Secondary skin lesions

A
  1. Collarette
  2. excoriation
  3. erosion
  4. Ulcer
  5. scar
  6. fissura
  7. lichenification
  8. callus
  9. Necrosis
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4
Q

Skin swellings

A
  1. oedema
  2. emphysema
  3. haematoma
  4. tumor
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5
Q

macule

A

color change
no elevation
smaller than 1 cm

vitiligo
hyper hypo pigmentation (post trauma)
petechia/echymosis/suffusion

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6
Q

Patch

A

color change
no elevation
larger than 1 cm

erythema

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7
Q

papule

A

small solid elevation
smaller than 1 cm

scabies
folliculitis

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8
Q

plaque

A

group of papules

cats eosinophil granuloma complex

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9
Q

nodule

A

small solid elevation (papule)
larger than 1 cm
deeper in skin layers

tuber (fibrin deposit)
tumor (lipoma/fibroma/melanoma)

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10
Q

wheals

A

circumscribed skin elevation
blanch on diascopy

urticaria

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11
Q

vesicles and bulla

A

circumscribed skin elevation filled with fluid
smaller or larger than 1cm respectively

shar pei increased mucin levels
auto immune diseases

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12
Q

cysts

A

epithelium lined cavity

containing : fluid /sebecea/dried material

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13
Q

pustules

A

small road skin elevations filled with pus

larger = abscess

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14
Q

Primary secondary alopecia

A 
primary = hypothyroidism 
secondary = chronic inflammation/allergies
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15
Q

scales

A

loose keratine scales

chronic inflammation
stress

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16
Q

crusts

A

dried exudate/pus/blood

pyoderma
scabies
zinc responsive dermatitis

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17
Q

comedons

A

keratin and sebum in a dilated hair follicle

feline acne
Cushing
secondary to corticosteroids

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18
Q

follicular cast

A

accumulation of keratin around hair shaft

demodex

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19
Q

hypo pigmentation

A

vitiligo

after trauma

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20
Q

hyper pigmentation

A

endocrine

after trauma

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21
Q

colarette

A

used to be a vesicle/bulla/papule that ruptured
spreading at borders
healing in center
bull’s eye

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22
Q

excoriation

A

ulcer caused by scratching

pruritus and secondary bacterial infections

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23
Q

erosion

A

after vesicle rupture
shallow
heals without scar

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24
Q

ulcer

A

deep break in epidermis
edge thicker or necrotic
scar production

deep pyoderma
auto immune diseases

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25
Q

scar

A

replaced by fibrous tissue
alopecia
no pigmentation

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26
Q

fissura

A

cracks due to decreased elasticity

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27
Q

callus

A

hyperkeratic
alopecia
over bony prominence
chronic friction or pressure

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28
Q

lichenification

A

thickening and hardening of skin
hyper pigmented
chronic friction

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29
Q

palpable ln in cats and dogs

A
  1. mandibular
  2. prescapular
  3. popliteal
when enlarged only :
retro pharyngeal
parotid
axillary
superficial  inguinal
mesenteric
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30
Q

hyperaemia vs haemorrhage

A

press and if it disappears = hyperemia

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31
Q

nasal stridor

A

sniffing

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32
Q

pharyngeal stridor

A

snoring

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33
Q

laryngeal stridor

A

sawing

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34
Q

tracheal collapse stridor

A

tooting on expiration

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35
Q

larynx paralysis stridor

A

on inspiration

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36
Q

narrow trachea

bronchitis stridor

A

mixed

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37
Q

unilateral nasal discharge

A

before choanaes

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38
Q

unilateral nose bleeding

A

trauma or blood vessel rupture

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39
Q

bilateral nose bleeding

A

coagulation problem

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40
Q

laryngeal cough

A

tendency to vomit

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41
Q

tracheal collapse cough

A

goose honking sound

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42
Q

tracheitis cough

A

loud explosive

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43
Q

bronchitis cough

A

wet

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44
Q

lung emphysema cough

A

weak and dry

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45
Q

pneumonia cough

A

soft and weak

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46
Q

cardiac disease cough

A

hacking cough

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47
Q

dog cat induce cough

A

press tracheal rings or

press thorax fast at expiration

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48
Q

larynx

A

from base of tongue to beginning of trachea

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49
Q

tonsils

A

btw oral and laryngeal cavity in semilunar folds

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50
Q

respiratory rythm

A

usually inspiration is a bit longer than expiration

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51
Q

held inspiration

A

narrowed upper airways

high abdominal pressure (pregnancy/ascites)

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52
Q

held expiration

A

decreased lung elasticity

bronchitis

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53
Q

shorter inspiration and expiration

A

pain

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54
Q

asymmetric breathing

A

pain in one lung lobe

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55
Q

respiratory type of dogs and cats

A

costoabdominal

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56
Q

normal respiratory sound

A

soft blowing sound

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57
Q

Bronchial sound

A

h sound

normal above trachea

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58
Q

Bronchial like sound

A

f and h together

normal in small dogs and cats above heart base (bifurcation)

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59
Q

adventitious rest.sounds

A

non musical / wet

  1. crepitation = hair rubbing = bronchopneumonia
  2. crackling = burning wood =bronchopneumonia
  3. rattling = drinking with straw = lung edema
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60
Q

musical sounds (dry)

A
  1. whistling
    2.wheezing
    obstruction of airways
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61
Q

stridor

A

upper airway stenosis _ tracheal collapse

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62
Q

rubbing

A

like walking on snow

dry pleuritis

63
Q

splashing

A 
gas and fluid movement 
traumatic pleuritis (mainly cattle)
64
Q

metallic

A

aspiration pneumonia

pneumothorax

65
Q

inspiratory dyspnoe

A 
laboured inspiration
head and neck extended
nostrils flared
labial resp.
scapula spreading
sunken flanks
sagging belly
can be due to:
narrowed upper airway
pneumothorax
pneumonia
lung neoplasm
66
Q

expiratory dyspnea

A

laboured expiration
head and neck extended
abdominal muscle work increased
heave line in abdomen

can be due to:
obstruction of lower air passage
emphysema
neoplasm in pharynx or larynx

67
Q

mixed dyspnoea

A

due to
pulmonary edema
emphysema
compressed diaphragm

68
Q

normal percussion sound of thorax in cats and dogs

A

sharp
long
high
resonant

69
Q

dog and cat lung borders

A 
TC = 11
TI = 10
SH = 8
70
Q

absolute dullness in thorax caused by

A

thickened thoracic wall
less gas in lungs (neoplasm)
pleural effusion (hydrothorax)
solid masses in thorax

71
Q

tympanic sounds in thorax

A

pneumothorax

subcutaneous emphysema

72
Q

hollow box sound

A

cachectic animal with lung emphysema

73
Q

heart right side location

74
Q

heart left side location

75
Q

heart apex location

76
Q

specie apex in contact with chest wall

A

dog and horse

77
Q

palpate heart beat

A

3-5th ics
dog can palate both left and right
cat only left

78
Q

dog cardiac dullness

79
Q

cat cardiac dullness

80
Q

enlargement of cardiac dullness area

A

hypertrophy
cardiac dislocation
pericardial effusion

81
Q

decreased of cardiac dullness area

A

pneumothorax
cardiac dislocation
lung or skin emphysema

82
Q

1st heart sound

A

start of systole
ventricles contract
aortic and pulmonary valves open
bi and tricuspid valves close

83
Q

2nd heart sound

A

end of systole

aortic and pulmonary valves close

84
Q

3rd heart sound

A

Strat of diastole

bi and tri cuspid valves open

85
Q

4th heart sound

A

end of diastole

86
Q

line of horizontal dullness

A

free fluid in thorax

87
Q

changes in heart sounds what to check

A

FRIDA
frequency (heart rate + check if pulse deficit)
rythm (regular-can decrease at expiration bcs of vagus)
intensity (strong and even)
demarcation(separation of heart sounds-galloping rythm)
adventitious sounds (murmurs)

88
Q

endocardial functional murmur

A

race horses

strong heart-lots of turbulence but fine

89
Q

endocardial morphological murmur

A

valve deformities

90
Q

exocardial murmur

A

pleuritis or pericarditis

stop the breathing
murmur gets stronger = pericardial
murmur stops = pleural

91
Q

endocardial vs exocardial murmurs

A

endocardial = same place / intensity / moment of cycle

92
Q

dog and cat Punta maxima

A

pulmonary valve = left 3rd ics
aortic valve = left 4th ics
bicuspid valve = left 5th ics
tricuspid valve = right 4th ics

93
Q

dog and cat how many ribs

94
Q

grading of heart murmurs

A
  1. very soft (quiet room)
  2. very soft but easy to hear
  3. moderate intensity easy to hear
  4. loud. no remits
  5. loud with remits
  6. loudest, can hear with stethoscope lifted from chest
95
Q

BP measurement oscilloscope

A

systolic and diastolic
cat : brachial
dog: saphenous / radialis

96
Q

BP measurement doppler sonography

A

systolic

behind paw

97
Q

arterial BP

98
Q

central venous P

A 
direct = vein catheterization
indirect = jugularis / saphena
99
Q

cuff size

A

30-40 % of circumference of limb or tail

100
Q

normotrop arrhythmia

A

in the SA node

101
Q

heterotrop arrythmia

A

outside the SA node

102
Q

1st degree AV block

A

slow conduction

103
Q

3rd. degree AV block

A

all beats are blocked

very slow heart beat

104
Q

3 abnormal beats in a row

A

tachycardia

105
Q

Eindhoven triangle ECG

A 
red = RF
yellow = LF
green = LH
black = RH
106
Q

veins above heart (jugularis)

107
Q

veins below heart (saphenous)

108
Q

vein compression test

A

should be empty below compression point and full above
try to go back to the heart

no emptying = right sided heart failure

109
Q

hepatic jugular reflex

A

press liver

jugular appears

110
Q

congested jugular vein

A

always pathological

111
Q

Botallo

A

puppy at weaning tendency to regurgitate

esophageal problem

112
Q

small intestine diarrhea

A 
little frequency
large amount 
watery
no mucus nor blood
combined with vomiting
poor condition
113
Q

large intestine diarrhea

A 
great frequency
small amounts
blood or mucus
creamy
painfull
no vomiting
114
Q

3 sites of obstruction in esophagus

A
  1. thoracic inlet
  2. heart base
  3. distal esophageal sphincter btw base of heart and diaphragm
115
Q

abdomen percussion

A

dull-resonant

116
Q

Liver tests

A 
ALT
AST 
GGT
ALKP
albumin
coagulation factors
acute phase proteins
fibrinogen-thrombin time
ammonia concentration
biopsy (lipid, protein, glycogen content)
aspiration cytology 
x-ray
ultrasound
117
Q

pancreas test

A 
x-ray
ultrasound
amylase
lipase
corn starch digestion test
lipid absorption test
fecal sample tests
118
Q

ovaries palpation location (if enlarged only)

A

third lumbar vertebrae behind the kidneys

119
Q

mammary gland tumors

A

sharp edges
circumscribed
firm

120
Q

spleen palpation

A

only if enlarged
behind stomach
left

121
Q

hypothyroidism dog

A 
symmetrical alopecia
rat tail
apathic
can't deal with exercise
likes warm places
obese
myxedema
122
Q

hyperthyroidism cat

A 
cachectic
agressive
hypertrophic heart
elevated BP
restlessness
123
Q

palpate thyroid gland

A

dog 1st tracheal ring

124
Q

Hyperadrenocorticism

Cushing

A

PU/PD
polyphagia obese
pot belly ascites
symmetric alpoecia

125
Q

ultrasound used for

A

parenchymal and fluid filled organs

126
Q

left and right on ultrasound screen

A

L=cranial

R=caudal

127
Q

cat thiamine deficiency

A

cervical deformities

ataxia

128
Q

selenium deficiency

A

muscular problems (wastage)

129
Q

muscle problems urine analysis

130
Q

muscle problems blood analysis

A

creatine kinase
AST
LDH
Se

131
Q

anisocoria

A

uneven pupil size

132
Q

spinal reflex scoring

A 
0= none
1= hyporeflexia
2=normal
3=hyperreflexia
4=rapid series of muscle contractions
133
Q

reflex irradiation

A

contraction of a larger muscle group than usual

134
Q

contralateral reflex

A

opposite muscle group reacts

135
Q

proprioceptive spinal reflexes

A
  1. extensor carpi radialis
  2. biceps
  3. triceps
  4. patellar
  5. gastrocnemius
136
Q

patellar reflex center

137
Q

Nociceptive reflexes

A
  1. anal / perianal
  2. panniculus (m.cutaneus trunci)
  3. flexor reflexes (pinch take away paw)
138
Q

panniculus reflex spinal cord injury

A

no reflex caudal to the injury

139
Q

panniculus reflex centre injury

A

no reflex at all

140
Q

flexor reflex center FL

141
Q

flexor reflex center HL

142
Q

pain perception examination

A

superficial
deep
vertebral column percussion

143
Q

palpate cervicals

A

lateral processes

144
Q

palpate lumbars

A

dorsal processes

145
Q

metabolic causes of epilepsy

A

increased NH3 in blood
kidney failure
hypocalcemia

146
Q

general epilepsy

A

from cortex
thalamus
brain stem

147
Q

focal epilepsy

A

from cortex

acc. by tail chasing and fly catching

148
Q

levels of epilepsy

A
  1. petit mal : rare in animals. increased m tone and transient loss of consciousness.
  2. severe convulsions / loss of consciousness/urine and faces void
  3. status epilepticus : seizures do not stop
    cortex damage
149
Q

types of ataxia

A
  1. static = most severe
  2. locomotive
  3. intentional= fine adjustment movements only
150
Q

cortical / cerebral / proprioceptive ataxia

A

circling

muscle weakness

151
Q

brain stem lesions

A

sway
wide stance
involuntary movements

152
Q

cerebellar ataxia

A

exaggerated steps

nystagmus (involuntary eye mvmts)

153
Q

vestibular ataxia

A

head tilt
falls to affected side
nystagmus

154
Q

spinal ataxia

A

uni or bi lateral

muscle weakness

Clinical diagnostics (7 decks)

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