small practical questions Flashcards
basic clinical values
species age sex condition : nutritional state BCS, grooming, behaviour, posture, gait T pulse breathing rate
T dog
38,2 - 39
pulse adult dog
femoral artery
70-100 beats/min
pulse newborn dog
150-200 beats/min
breathing rate adult dog
15-30 breaths/min
breathing rate newborn dog
30-40 breaths/min
BCS
- cachectic
- thin
- good
- stout
- obese
Cat T
38,5 - 39,2
Cat pulse
120-160 beats/min
kitten pulse
200-250 beats/min
breathing rate cat
20-30 breaths/min
breathing rate kitten
35-45 breaths/min
horse dogs and cats type of breathing
Costoabdominal
Ru type of breathing
abdominal
lung borders carnivores
tuber coxae 11
tuber ischiadicum 10
shoulder 8
diernhofer triangle
behind the caudal border of the heart and before diaphragm
normal sound of thorax in carnivores
sharp
long
resonant
heart sound in carnivores
dull
short sound with low intensity
1st heart sound
start of systole
ventricle contracts
aortic and pulmonary semilunar valve open
bi and tri cuspid valves close
feel pulse at the same time
2nd heart sound
end of systole
aortic and pulmonary valves close
3rd heart sound
start of diastole
bi and tri cuspid valves open
4th heart sound
end of diastole
weak atrial contraction
cat teeth
I3-C1-P3-M1
I3-C1-P2-M1
dog teeth
I3-C1-P4-M2
I3-C1-P4-M3
normal GI sound
Borborygmi
cat kidney palpation
can feel both under last rib
dog kidney palpation
can feel only the left one
Panniculus reflex center
C7 to T1
Patella reflex center
L4-L6
Flexor reflex center
C6-T1 FL
L4/6 to S1 HL
Cranial Nerve 1
Olfactory
use food
Cranial Nerve 2
Optic nerve
- Falling cotton ball test
- Pupillary light reflex
- Menace reflex
- Obstacle reflex
Cranial nerve 3
Oculomotorius check the pupil size anisorcia : uneven pupil size mydriasis : dilated moisis : constricted test together w. 4-trochlear and 6-abducens provocation of physiological nystagmus (move head around and check eye movements)
Cranial nerve 4
trochlear
cranial nerve 5
Trigeminal (mixed)
- palpebral reflex (blink n7)
- Corneal reflex (eyeball mvmt n6)
- food prehension/chewing/drinking
if disfunction:
repeated contraction of chewing muscles
sagging lower jaw
Cranial nerve 6
Abducens
Cranial nerve 7
Facialis (mixed) uni or bi lateral paralysis -palpebral reflex -corneal reflex -Menace reflex -blow on ears to see mvmt -sagging of ear/lip -nostril pulled to healthy side
Cranial nerve 8
Vestibulo cochlear
- Clapping behind head
- look for head tilt and ataxia
- Horner syndrome
Cranial nerve 9
Glossopharyngeal aff.
test w. Vagus
Cranial nerve 10
Vagus off.
-Swallowing/ gag reflex (reach base of tongue)
-laryngeal paralysie altered voice if unilateral
bilateral suffocation
Cranial nerve 11
Accessory nerve
Check neck muscles for atrophy or weakness signs
Cranial nerve 12
Hypoglossal
movability of tongue
small- give food (cat put drop of water on nose)- after eating will lick nose
bilateral lesion: tongue hangs out
unilateral: tongue hangs to damaged side
puncta maxima
Left side:
- 3rd ics. = pulmonary artery
- 4th intercostal space = Aorta
- 5th ics.=Bicuspid valve
Right side:
–4th intercostal space = tricuspid valve
BP measurement Oscilloscope
systolic and diastolic BP
BP measurement Doppler sonography
systolic BP only
Increase systole
increase pulse
faster more frequent and larger waves
decrease diastole
huge pounding pulse waves
heart rate or peripheral resistance increases
pulse size decreases
arterial BP
120
BP
cardiac output x peripheral resistance
pulse pressure
systolic-diastolic
arterial mean pressure
diastolic pressure + pulse pressure % 3
direct central venous P measurement
catheterisation
indirect central venous P measurement
examination of jugulars and saphène
ECG probes Eindhoven
red-RF
yellow-LF
green-LH
black-RH
jugular vein should be
empty
saphenous vein should be
full
milk vein should be
full
vein compression test uno emptying means
right sided heart failure
Frothy bloat
rumina gas trapped in bubbles-mix with luminal content-foam
fed young legumes like alfalfa or clovers-high saponins level/ highly digestible carbs-increase bacterial growth and gas prod.
distended rumen
ping resonant sound
tachycardia
free gas bloat
free gas accumulate in rumen separate from content
esophageal block or decrease vagus function
can reduce respiration
tympanic resonance of abdomen
young calves
milk goes into rumen instead of bypassing it and going to abomasum- ferment-bloat
lactic acidosis
increase concentrate feed
increase lactic acid prod.-kill bacterias except strept will prod. more lactic acid vicious cycle
stasis in rumination
regurgitation
passive
from esophagus
vomitus
active
from stomach or GI (check PH)
Liver tests
ALT (carnivores) AST (herbivores) bile duct obstruction: GGT (liver sp. eq cats) ALKP Ammonia
KIdney tests
urea / creatinine ratio
urine test
pancreas test
Amylase
Lipase
Open anus can be
Rabies
innervation issue
Chronic colitis
Small intestine diarrhea
little frequency (2-3 x a day) Lot of volume Watery No blood or mucus Combined with vomitus weight loss
large intestine diarrhea
great frequency
tiny amount
creamy with blood or mucus
painful
3 sites of obstruction in eosophagus
- thoracic inlet
- heart base
- btw. base of heart and diaphragm
Cow right side top of the back percussionm steel like sound
Cecum and just below = small intestine
rocking horse position
large intestine constipation
sitting horse
over extended stomach
Ultrasound Left is
Cranial
Ultrasound right is
caudal
proprioceptive reflexes
- extensor carpi radialis
- Biceps
- Triceps
- Patellar (center L4 L6)
- gastrocnemius
Nociceptive reflexes
- Anal / perianal
- Panniculus reflex
- Flexor reflexes
Flexor reflex centre FL
C6-T1
Flexor reflex centre HL
L4-6-S1
Pain examination
- Superficial
- Deep
- vertebral column percussion
cortical lesion
circling
Brain stem lesion
sways
wide stance
Cerebellar lesion
exaggerated steps
Nystagmus
Vestibular lesion
Head tilt to affected side
leans anf falls
Nystagmus
Spinal damage
Uni or bi lateral
muscle weakness
incoordination
Postural reflexes
1- wheelbarrow (brouette) 2-Hoping test 3- Hemi-walking 4-Knuckling over 5-Crossing over 6-Tactile placing 7-Tactile and optical placing 8-Reflex stepping (simba) 9- Pushing/swaying reflex 10-Tonic neck reaction (push head up=sit)
Bilateral postural reflex issues
Cortical
brain stem
Ipsilateral postural reflex issues
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Peripheral nerves
Upper motor neuron lesion
FL = increased muscle tone
spinal reflexes = over responsive
Lower motor neuron lesion
Decreased muscle tone
Spinal reflexes are reduced
Panniculus reflex center
C7 to T1
Brachial and Lumbar plexus
6243
C6-T2
L4-S4
Brachial plexus lesion
FL and HL spastic
Lesion btw brachial and lumbar plexuses
FL normal
HL spastic
Lumbar plexus lesion
FL normal
HL flaccid
Horner syndrome
loss of S innervation to the skull
due to middle ear infection
anisorcia w. miosis on the affected side ptosis sagging of eyelid enophtalmosis (eye sucken in socket) third eyelid prolapse
upper motor neuron lesion
spastic
lower motor neuron
flaccid
plexuses location
6243
brachial = C6-T2
Lumbar = L4-S3
brachial plexus lesion
FL = flaccid HL= spastic
lesion btw brachial and lumbar plexuses
HL= spastic
lesion to lumbar plexus
HL= flaccid
radiography most dense
radio opaque (white)
radiography gas
radiolucent (black)
doppler echocardiography
red = flow towards transducer blue = away
endoscope
look into a hollow organ rigid or flexible light delivery system eyepiece imager / video instruments to take biopsies and samples deflection knobs (right hand) hand piece (hold in left hand) cystoscope forbidden in male cats !
examination / foreign body removal /samples / bronchoalveolar lavage
