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Clinical diagnostics > small practical questions > Flashcards

small practical questions Flashcards

1
Q

basic clinical values

A 
species
age 
sex
condition : nutritional state BCS, grooming, behaviour, posture, gait
T 
pulse
breathing rate
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2
Q

T dog

A

38,2 - 39

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3
Q

pulse adult dog

A

femoral artery

70-100 beats/min

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4
Q

pulse newborn dog

A

150-200 beats/min

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5
Q

breathing rate adult dog

A

15-30 breaths/min

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6
Q

breathing rate newborn dog

A

30-40 breaths/min

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7
Q

BCS

A
  1. cachectic
  2. thin
  3. good
  4. stout
  5. obese
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8
Q

Cat T

A

38,5 - 39,2

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9
Q

Cat pulse

A

120-160 beats/min

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10
Q

kitten pulse

A

200-250 beats/min

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11
Q

breathing rate cat

A

20-30 breaths/min

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12
Q

breathing rate kitten

A

35-45 breaths/min

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13
Q

horse dogs and cats type of breathing

A

Costoabdominal

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14
Q

Ru type of breathing

A

abdominal

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15
Q

lung borders carnivores

A

tuber coxae 11
tuber ischiadicum 10
shoulder 8

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16
Q

diernhofer triangle

A

behind the caudal border of the heart and before diaphragm

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17
Q

normal sound of thorax in carnivores

A

sharp
long
resonant

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18
Q

heart sound in carnivores

A

dull

short sound with low intensity

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19
Q

1st heart sound

A

start of systole

ventricle contracts
aortic and pulmonary semilunar valve open
bi and tri cuspid valves close

feel pulse at the same time

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20
Q

2nd heart sound

A

end of systole

aortic and pulmonary valves close

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21
Q

3rd heart sound

A

start of diastole

bi and tri cuspid valves open

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22
Q

4th heart sound

A

end of diastole

weak atrial contraction

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23
Q

cat teeth

A

I3-C1-P3-M1

I3-C1-P2-M1

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24
Q

dog teeth

A

I3-C1-P4-M2

I3-C1-P4-M3

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25
Q

normal GI sound

A

Borborygmi

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26
Q

cat kidney palpation

A

can feel both under last rib

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27
Q

dog kidney palpation

A

can feel only the left one

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28
Q

Panniculus reflex center

A

C7 to T1

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29
Q

Patella reflex center

A

L4-L6

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30
Q

Flexor reflex center

A

C6-T1 FL

L4/6 to S1 HL

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31
Q

Cranial Nerve 1

A

Olfactory

use food

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32
Q

Cranial Nerve 2

A

Optic nerve

  • Falling cotton ball test
  • Pupillary light reflex
  • Menace reflex
  • Obstacle reflex
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33
Q

Cranial nerve 3

A 
Oculomotorius
 check the pupil size
anisorcia : uneven pupil size
mydriasis : dilated
moisis : constricted
test together w. 4-trochlear and 6-abducens
provocation of physiological nystagmus
(move head around and check eye movements)
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34
Q

Cranial nerve 4

A

trochlear

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35
Q

cranial nerve 5

A

Trigeminal (mixed)

  • palpebral reflex (blink n7)
  • Corneal reflex (eyeball mvmt n6)
  • food prehension/chewing/drinking

if disfunction:
repeated contraction of chewing muscles
sagging lower jaw

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36
Q

Cranial nerve 6

A

Abducens

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37
Q

Cranial nerve 7

A 
Facialis (mixed)
uni or bi lateral paralysis
-palpebral reflex
-corneal reflex
-Menace reflex
-blow on ears to see mvmt
-sagging of ear/lip 
-nostril pulled to healthy side
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38
Q

Cranial nerve 8

A

Vestibulo cochlear

  • Clapping behind head
  • look for head tilt and ataxia
  • Horner syndrome
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39
Q

Cranial nerve 9

A

Glossopharyngeal aff.

test w. Vagus

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40
Q

Cranial nerve 10

A

Vagus off.
-Swallowing/ gag reflex (reach base of tongue)
-laryngeal paralysie altered voice if unilateral
bilateral suffocation

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41
Q

Cranial nerve 11

A

Accessory nerve

Check neck muscles for atrophy or weakness signs

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42
Q

Cranial nerve 12

A

Hypoglossal
movability of tongue
small- give food (cat put drop of water on nose)- after eating will lick nose

bilateral lesion: tongue hangs out
unilateral: tongue hangs to damaged side

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43
Q

puncta maxima

A

Left side:

  • 3rd ics. = pulmonary artery
  • 4th intercostal space = Aorta
  • 5th ics.=Bicuspid valve

Right side:
–4th intercostal space = tricuspid valve

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44
Q

BP measurement Oscilloscope

A

systolic and diastolic BP

45
Q

BP measurement Doppler sonography

A

systolic BP only

46
Q

Increase systole

A

increase pulse

faster more frequent and larger waves

47
Q

decrease diastole

A

huge pounding pulse waves

48
Q

heart rate or peripheral resistance increases

A

pulse size decreases

49
Q

arterial BP

A

120

50
Q

BP

A

cardiac output x peripheral resistance

51
Q

pulse pressure

A

systolic-diastolic

52
Q

arterial mean pressure

A

diastolic pressure + pulse pressure % 3

53
Q

direct central venous P measurement

A

catheterisation

54
Q

indirect central venous P measurement

A

examination of jugulars and saphène

55
Q

ECG probes Eindhoven

A

red-RF
yellow-LF
green-LH
black-RH

56
Q

jugular vein should be

A

empty

57
Q

saphenous vein should be

A

full

58
Q

milk vein should be

A

full

59
Q

vein compression test uno emptying means

A

right sided heart failure

60
Q

Frothy bloat

A

rumina gas trapped in bubbles-mix with luminal content-foam
fed young legumes like alfalfa or clovers-high saponins level/ highly digestible carbs-increase bacterial growth and gas prod.
distended rumen
ping resonant sound
tachycardia

61
Q

free gas bloat

A

free gas accumulate in rumen separate from content
esophageal block or decrease vagus function
can reduce respiration
tympanic resonance of abdomen

62
Q

young calves

A

milk goes into rumen instead of bypassing it and going to abomasum- ferment-bloat

63
Q

lactic acidosis

A

increase concentrate feed
increase lactic acid prod.-kill bacterias except strept will prod. more lactic acid vicious cycle
stasis in rumination

64
Q

regurgitation

A

passive

from esophagus

65
Q

vomitus

A

active

from stomach or GI (check PH)

66
Q

Liver tests

A 
ALT (carnivores)
AST (herbivores)
bile duct obstruction:
GGT (liver sp. eq cats)
ALKP
Ammonia
67
Q

KIdney tests

A

urea / creatinine ratio

urine test

68
Q

pancreas test

A

Amylase

Lipase

69
Q

Open anus can be

A

Rabies
innervation issue
Chronic colitis

70
Q

Small intestine diarrhea

A 
little frequency (2-3 x a day)
Lot of volume
Watery
No blood or mucus
Combined with vomitus
weight loss
71
Q

large intestine diarrhea

A

great frequency
tiny amount
creamy with blood or mucus
painful

72
Q

3 sites of obstruction in eosophagus

A
  1. thoracic inlet
  2. heart base
  3. btw. base of heart and diaphragm
73
Q

Cow right side top of the back percussionm steel like sound

A

Cecum and just below = small intestine

74
Q

rocking horse position

A

large intestine constipation

75
Q

sitting horse

A

over extended stomach

76
Q

Ultrasound Left is

A

Cranial

77
Q

Ultrasound right is

A

caudal

78
Q

proprioceptive reflexes

A
  1. extensor carpi radialis
  2. Biceps
  3. Triceps
  4. Patellar (center L4 L6)
  5. gastrocnemius
79
Q

Nociceptive reflexes

A
  1. Anal / perianal
  2. Panniculus reflex
  3. Flexor reflexes
80
Q

Flexor reflex centre FL

A

C6-T1

81
Q

Flexor reflex centre HL

A

L4-6-S1

82
Q

Pain examination

A
  1. Superficial
  2. Deep
  3. vertebral column percussion
83
Q

cortical lesion

A

circling

84
Q

Brain stem lesion

A

sways

wide stance

85
Q

Cerebellar lesion

A

exaggerated steps

Nystagmus

86
Q

Vestibular lesion

A

Head tilt to affected side
leans anf falls
Nystagmus

87
Q

Spinal damage

A

Uni or bi lateral
muscle weakness
incoordination

88
Q

Postural reflexes

A 
1- wheelbarrow (brouette)
2-Hoping test
3- Hemi-walking 
4-Knuckling over
5-Crossing over
6-Tactile placing
7-Tactile and optical placing
8-Reflex stepping (simba)
9- Pushing/swaying reflex
10-Tonic neck reaction (push head up=sit)
89
Q

Bilateral postural reflex issues

A

Cortical

brain stem

90
Q

Ipsilateral postural reflex issues

A

Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Peripheral nerves

91
Q

Upper motor neuron lesion

A

FL = increased muscle tone

spinal reflexes = over responsive

92
Q

Lower motor neuron lesion

A

Decreased muscle tone

Spinal reflexes are reduced

93
Q

Panniculus reflex center

A

C7 to T1

94
Q

Brachial and Lumbar plexus

A

6243

C6-T2
L4-S4

95
Q

Brachial plexus lesion

A

FL and HL spastic

96
Q

Lesion btw brachial and lumbar plexuses

A

FL normal

HL spastic

97
Q

Lumbar plexus lesion

A

FL normal

HL flaccid

98
Q

Horner syndrome

A

loss of S innervation to the skull
due to middle ear infection

anisorcia w. miosis on the affected side
ptosis
sagging of eyelid
enophtalmosis (eye sucken in socket)
third eyelid prolapse
99
Q

upper motor neuron lesion

A

spastic

100
Q

lower motor neuron

A

flaccid

101
Q

plexuses location

A

6243

brachial = C6-T2

Lumbar = L4-S3

102
Q

brachial plexus lesion

A 
FL = flaccid
HL= spastic
103
Q

lesion btw brachial and lumbar plexuses

A

HL= spastic

104
Q

lesion to lumbar plexus

A

HL= flaccid

105
Q

radiography most dense

A

radio opaque (white)

106
Q

radiography gas

A

radiolucent (black)

107
Q

doppler echocardiography

A 
red = flow towards transducer
blue = away
108
Q

endoscope

A 
look into a hollow organ
rigid or flexible
light delivery system
eyepiece
imager / video
instruments to take biopsies and samples
deflection knobs (right hand)
hand piece (hold in left hand)
cystoscope forbidden in male cats !

examination / foreign body removal /samples / bronchoalveolar lavage

Clinical diagnostics (7 decks)

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