lymphnodes and mucous membranes Flashcards
ln primary examination methods
- inspection
- palpation (rectal)
ADDITIONAL EXAMINATIONS
- aspiration (FNA)
- biopsy
- excision
- extirpation
- X-ray, ultrasound, CT, (sounding)
examination of the ln
- Size >1,5 x suspicious
- Shape: ellipsoidal / round shape / special
- Consistency: soft rubber, (firm) (harder-softer) 4. Structure: homogenous-non homogenous
- Painfulness: no pain
- Movability: unattached to the surrounding tissues-
no adhesions (easily movable) 7. Surface: smooth or regular - Skin above: (temperature, elasticity, intactness) Compare the corresponding lymph nodes on the
opposite sides! symmetry
palpable in healthy dog and cat
- Mandibular/submandibular lnn (lnn. mandibulares)
- Prescapular lnn (lnn. cervicales superficiales)
- Popliteal ln (lnn. poplitei superficiales)
palpable when enlarged
- Retropharyngeal lnn (lnn. retropharyngei)
- Parotid lnn ( lnn. parotidei)
- Axillary lnn (lnn. axillares)
- Superficial inguinal lnn (lc. inguinale superficiale) 8. Mesenteric lnn ( lnn. mesenterici)
mucous membranes methods
- inspection
- palpation
- (smelling)
ADDITIONAL EXAMINATIONS of mucous membranes
- endoscopy
- US
- X-ray, contrast X-ray
- discharge, secretion: quantitative, qualitative, microbiology, cytology
Mucous membranes to test:
- Conjunctivae
- Oral mm
- Nasal mm
- Anal mm
- Genital mm
MUCOUS MEMBRANES
• EXAMINATIONS
- Color
- Moisture (mucus, quantity, quality)
- Membrane vessels-haemorrhages
- Surface: lesions, smoothness
- Capillary refill time (<2 sec)
MUCOUS MEMBRANES
• Normal findings
light pink (pigmented),
smooth, (conjunctiva: moderately ruffled),
shiny,
moist,
no lesions (intact),
blood vessels can be slightly recognized,
CRT: 1 second or 2 max.
MUCOUS MEMBRANES
• Abnormal findings
- Pale / anaemia
- Cyanotic
- Yellow staining
- Dull
- Livid
- Haemorrhage (petechiae, suffusions, echymosis)
- Dirty red
- Lesions: papules, ulcers etc
- Dry
- Sticky
- Injected
Aim of checking mucous membranes ?
Where is the fluid deficit ?
Intravascular (IV) fluid deficit
perfusion!! (hypovolemic shock)
• ↓ tissue O2 and energy support
• Heart rate, pulse, CRT, mm colour, temperature, blood pressure
• Impaired cardiac output! (exclude heart failure)
• Vasculitis, hemorrhage:
– blood loss, SIRS, allergy, infection, pancreatitis, peritonitis
Interstitial, Intracellular (IS, IC) fluid deficit
• Dehydration
• Moisture of mm, skin turgor, eye position, body weight, urine
amount, spec. gravity,
• Heat stroke, gastroenteritis, Dm, kidney failure, fever, diarrhea
• Severe dehydration perfusion
ln palpable in healthy horse
Mandibular lymph nodes (lnn. mandibulares)
•Superficial inguinal lymph node (lc. inguinale superficiale)
ln palpable when enlarged in horse
Lateral retropharyngeal lymph nodes (lnn.
retropharyngei laterales
•Superficial cervical lymph nodes (lnn. cervicales superficiales)
- By rectal palpation
- Iliosacral lymph nodes (lc. iliosacrale)
- Mesenteric lymph nodes (lnn. mesenterici)
Horse mandibular ln
Y-shaped
•Lobulated, lentil to pea sized lobules
ln palpable in healthy cow
Mandibular lymph nodes (lnn. mandibulares)
•Superficial cervical or praescapular lymph nodes (lnn. cervicales superficiales s. praescapulares)
•Superficial inguinal lymph nodes (lc. inguinale superficiale)
•Subiliac lymph nodes (lnn. subiliaci)
•Mammary lymph nodes (lnn. mammarii)
ln palpable when enlarged in cow
Parotid lymph nodes (lnn. parotidei)
•Lateral retropharyngeal lymph nodes (lnn. retropharyngei laterales)
•By rectal palpation
•Iliosacral lymph nodes (lc. iliosacrale) •Mesenteric lymph nodes (lnn. mesenterici)
small Ru ln
Superficial cervical or praescapular lymph nodes
(lnn. cervicales superficiales s. praescapulares)
•Superficial inguinal lymph nodes (lc. inguinale superficiale)
•Subiliac lymph nodes (lnn. subiliaci)
swine ln
Superficial inguinal lymph nodes (lc. inguinale superficiale)
•Subiliac lymph nodes (lnn. subiliaci)
