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TIA - Theory & Research > Theory L9 - Emotions > Flashcards

Theory L9 - Emotions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four levels that affective experience can be studied at?

A
  • EMOTIONAL TRAITS are general styles of emotional responses that persist across context and time
  • MOODS are longer lasting, less focused on a cause, and less context bound than emotions
  • EMOTIONS, are briefer, more context specific, more focused on a particular cause or intentional object than positive moods and traits

• SENSORY EXPERIENCES, such as pleasure and pain, have unique temporal dynamics that when filtered through social goals and
aspirations can evolve into emotional experiences.

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2
Q

What level of affective experience has the greatest temporal component?

A

Emotional traits.

then mood, then emotions, then sensory experiences.

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3
Q

what level of affective experience is the most context specific?

A

Sensory experiences.

then emotions, moods, and then traits.

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4
Q

What level of affective experience is the most focussed on a cause?

A

Sensory experiences.

then emotions, moods, and then traits.

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5
Q

In defining emotion, what are the two ways we can consider emotion?

A
  • Emotion in terms of its physiological basis

- Emotion as relational to the environment and involving multiple responses.

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6
Q

What does James define an emotion as?

A
  • bodily changes following directly the perception of an exciting fact
  • our feeling of the changes as they occur is the EMOTION

= sensory experience and how we understand it = emotion

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7
Q

What do Arnold and Gasson define emotion as?

A
  • emotion or affect can be considered as the felt TENDENCY TOWARDS AN OBJECT.
  • How we feel towards something is REINFORCED by specific bodily changes.
  • emotions lead you to avoid or approach an object.
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8
Q

How does Lazarus define emotion?

A

Emotions are organised psychophysiological reactions to news about ongoing RELATIONSHIPS with the ENVIRONMENT.

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9
Q

How does frijda & Mesquita define emotion?

A

Emotions are modes of relating to the environment.

  • States of readiness for engaging or not engaging in interaction with the environment.
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10
Q

What is the discrete approach to emotion eliciting appraisals?

A
  • The discrete approach focusses on coherent and core-relationship themes.
  • has TWO STAGES of appraisal
    1. is the event CONGRUENT/INCONGRUENT with goal? - may not be conscious, and is guided by social norms.
    2. what are the casual attributions for the event, potential responses and future consequences of different courses of action?

This is good for differentiating between emotions, but isn’t great at accounting for emotions that have the same valence, and explaining the rapid change between emotions.

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11
Q

What is the dimensional approach to emotion eliciting appraisals?

A
  • Focussing on the combo of core dimensions of appraisal, and how they give rise to specific emotions.
  • 8 DIMENSIONS that lead to various appraisals!!!
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12
Q

What are Ellsworth & Smith’s 8 Dimensions?

A

ACCC PPRL

Attention - Degree to which you focus on and think about the stimulus

Certainty - Degree to which you are certain about what is going to happen

Control coping - Extent to which you have control over outcomes in the environment

Pleasantness - Degree that the event is positive or negative

Perceived obstacle - Extent to which the pursuit of your goals is blocked

Responsibility - Extent to which other people, you, and situational factors are responsible for events

Legitimacy -Extent to which the event is fair and deserved or unfair and undeserved

Anticipated effort - Extent to which you must expend energy to respond to the event

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13
Q

What are the two types of studies used to investigate signalling behaviour?

A
  • Encoding studies - studies where distinct experiences are elicited in people, and we look at what behaviours happen.
  • Decoding Studies - looks at whether observers can make accurate inferences about emotion from nonverbal displays - certain psychopathologies have more problems understanding facial emotions - eg. autism
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14
Q

Describe the emotion lexicon, and how it is organised into concepts and categories?

A
  1. Emotion KNOWLEDGE - +ve/-ve, good/bad… generally emotion is thought of in terms of knowledge
  2. Basic Level of knowledge: emotion CONCEPTS - describes emotions - joy, love, surprise, anger, fear.
  3. Specific STATES - love = love, compassion, lust, longing - not just concepts, they relate to emotion in time and our experience.
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15
Q

How do concepts, words, narratives and discourses SHAPE EMOTIONAL RESPONSE?

A

SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION of emotion…

  1. Identity-Based profiles of emotional response - eg. emotion engendered in discourse
  2. impact of powerful emotional events o n social adjustment - eg. expressing emotion yields health benefits.
  3. capturing experiences in the past or future - eg. recollection of emotion shows differences between representation and actual experience. Eg. Biases in recall of emotions.
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16
Q

Describe two ways that we have subjective experiences of emotion.

A
  1. Bottom-Up - emotional experience guides social action.
    - Our experience of emotion is closely related to somatovisceral changes of the body or in different peripheral physiological system and guides our social action.
  2. Top down - conceptual, constructed, knowledge based processes grounded in language and representation
    - quick evaluations of good/bad, benefit/harm, trigger core affect that causes individuals to experience a broad, valenced emotional state.
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17
Q

What is appraisal tendency?

A

The core subjective meaning of each emotion, and its influence on cognitive processes such as causal attribution, memory, risk assessment, and expectation.

  • What you’re processing about each emotion - how you feel
  • Each emotion has specific appraisal tendencies that go along with it.
18
Q

What is Action Tendency?

A

The organising principle that motivates specific signalling behaviours as well as physiological response.

  • what you DO in that emotional state.
19
Q

What is valence?

A

• Typically negative or positive reflecting (appraisal) progress in not/meeting goals and tendency to avoid/approach.

  • negative - avoid tendency
  • positive - approach tendency

• Taxonomies typically predict one action appraisal and tendency, but emotional experience is certain to involve complex combinations of the two.

20
Q

How do we classify emotion (Taxonomy?)

A
  • Appraisal Tendencies

- Action Tendencies

21
Q

What would be an appraisal tendency of relief?

A

cause of distress ends.

22
Q

What would be an action tendency of relief ?

A

signal safety.

23
Q

What would be an appraisal tendency of embarassment?

A

Self has transgressed a social convention

24
Q

What would be an action tendency of embarassment?

A

Apologise.

25
Q

What are the four levels of functions of emotion?

A
  • Individual
  • Group
  • Dyadic
  • Culture
26
Q

What function do emotions serve for an individual?

A
  • highlights problems or opportunities

- prepare for action - eg. fight or flight

27
Q

What function do emotions serve for a group?

A
  • define group boundaries and members
  • define group roles and identities
  • motivate collective action

eg. atrocities of war and how people describe each other on opposing sides. People tend to dehumanise and describe less emotions in others. serves a function of being able to see people as less human than you..

28
Q

What function do emotions serve for a dyad?

A
  • signal mental states - inferring from others what their mental state is.
  • reward or punish prior action
  • evoke complementary or reciprocal behaviour
29
Q

What function do emotions serve for a culture?

A
  • define cultural identity
  • identify norms and values
  • express cultural ideologies and power structures.
30
Q

What are the two different approaches for studying culture and emotion?

A
  • Evolutionary approach - universality.
    Focusses on the POTENTIAL for emotion.
    Similar experiences, expressions and physiological responses.
  • Cultural approach - variation.
    Focusses on the PRACTICE of emotion.
    How emotions arise, and how they’re experienced and expressed in daily living.

> > > > emotions tend to show greater universality in central features and more cultural variability in peripheral features.

31
Q

How does emotion vary across cultures?

A
  • physiological experience and expression of emotion appears to be universal
  • the extent of expression varies - some cultures encourage expression of emotion, others don’t
  • culture will regulate peripheral features such as where and when emotions will be expressed!
  • what might elicit anger in malaysia is very different to what might elicit anger in puerto rico
32
Q

what did emmanuel Kant say about emotions and reasoning?

A

That emotions reduce humans to “tender-hearted idlers”

> that emotions aren’t a good thing.
emotions cloud rationality.

33
Q

What did David Hume say about emotions and reasoning?

A

That emotions should guide reasoning!!

Emotions might be important our decision making process, guiding rationality.

Probably provides important cues to help make decisions

  • gut feeling
34
Q

How do emotions influence judgements??

A
  1. INCIDENTAL EFFECTS - emotion triggered by one event influences JUDGEMENTS in an UNRELATED domain.

eg. got a good mark –> more happy in other spheres.
eg. cleanliness tends to affect your judgement of morality in others. So when people washed their hands before an experiment, they had harsher judgements of abortion.. etc.
eg. induced to feel disgust –> harsher judgements

  1. INTEGRAL EFFECTS - influences of emotion on JUDGEMENT of the OBJECT that has elicited the emotion.
    eg. thinking about doing something makes you worry. Therefore, emotion caused by decision to do something.

will be on exam

35
Q

How do emotions influence cognitive processes?

A
  • incidental effects
  • integral effects
  • processing style accounts
  • informational accounts
36
Q

What are processing style accounts?

A

Emotions engage qualitatively different kinds of processing, which account for influences of emotions on cognition.

Eg. anger –> automaticity
sadness –> controlled
positive emotions > broad thoughts
fear > narrowing attention

has a good purpose

on exam

37
Q

What are informational accounts?

A

Emotions involve specific kinds of information that feed
directly into cognitive processes.

eg. every cog process is shaped in some way by momentary emotions

so idea that every cog process involves some momentary emotions.

on exam

38
Q

What is the relationship between emotion and selective attention?

A
  • fear and anxiety NARROWS attention, leading to selective perception of threats and dangers.
    > dog probe paradigm, stroop paradigm …, highly anxious people tend to press the button much quicker, and slow down for trigger words in stroop
  • Current emotions lead to categorisation of stimuli consistent with present state.
    > lexical decision tasks - find it easier to identify and remember happy words when happy words, same when sad…

what you’re experiencing at the moment influences what you attend to

  • Duration of emotion and moods - not everlasting state.
39
Q

Links between emotions and happiness?

A

Happiness or subjective wellbeing strongly determined by balance of positive vs negative emotions.

Self-reports of positive:negative emotions strongly predict overall well-being.
>Happy people: 3:1 ; Happy marriages 5:1.

Meta-analysis found increased positive emotion promotes greater marital satisfaction, better outcomes at work, and improved physical health.

> happiness-success link exists not only because success
makes people happy, but also because positive affect
engenders success

40
Q

How does happiness provide a buffer?

A

The BUFFERING HYPOTHESIS suggests that positive emotions enable people to respond with resilience to the stresses and trauma that can lead to disease and despair.

  • positive emotions buffer against bad effects of chronic anxiety and stress.
  • happiness engenders more creativity, relationships, insightful thoughts, enhances immune func, decreases stress related cardio vasc arousal
  • prosocial emotions can give rise to boosts in well being - eg. reflecting, forgiveness, mindfulness.

TIA - Theory & Research (10 decks)

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