Theory L2 - Eating Disorders Flashcards
1
Q
What is a theory?
A
- A contemplative, rational type of abstract or generalising thinking, or the results of suck thinking. Depending on the context, the results might for example include generalised explanations of how nature works.
- not the same as a hypothesis.
- theory provides an explanatory framework for an observation, and the assumptions from the explanation leads to hypotheses that can be tested in order to provide support for or challenge the theory
2
Q
Name some theories on Body Image and Eating Disorders,
A
- Tripartite Influence Model and Biopsychosocial Model of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating
- Objectified Body Consciousness
- Dual Pathway Model of Eating Disorders
- Enhanced Cognitive-Behavioural Model of eating disorders
3
Q
What is body image a risk factor for?
A
– Low self-esteem and depression – Unsafe sexual behaviours – Onset of smoking – Interferes with academic achievement – Unhealthy dieting and muscle building behaviours – Overweight and obesity – Clinical eating disorders
4
Q
What is the continuum of eating disorders?
A
• The different stages: BODY SATISFACTION AND HEALTH EATING –> MODERATE BODY DISSAT AND DISORDERED EATING —> SEVERE BODY DISSAT AND EATING DISORDER.
can intervene at each point. prevention and treatment.
- Individuals can lie along anywhere on this continuum
- Think about where intervention, maintenance, and what influences individuals to move up the continuum.
- Body satisfaction stage - strive for maintenance and prevention of disorder/moving up the continuum.
- Moderate stage – strive to prevent.
- There are many theories proposing what pushes individuals up the continuum.
WHAT FACTORS PUSH PEOPLE UP THE CONTINNUUM????
need more theories.
5
Q
What is the Etiological Theory to intervention?
A
- Proposes that there are causal risk factors that increase the likelihood of the problem occurring
- If you reduce the presence of the important risk factors, then you will reduce the likelihood of development of the problem.
- Prevention and early intervention is key
- Adapts to the theory of continuum of disorder. Says people move up the continuum due to risk factors that we must remove.
- Risk factors include peer influences, parental influences, and media influences.
6
Q
What is the tripartite influence Model?
A
(Thompson et al., 1999)
- A Sociocultural Model – takes into account 3 main sociocultural influences: peer influences, parental influence and media influence
- (External) sociocultural influences on internal cognitive processes lead to increased comparing with others, and internalisation of appearance ideals, leading to bodily dissatisfaction, which leads to disordered eating, which may result in other psychological problems too.
- The original tripartite influence model has been tested and has substantial support
- Keery et al., 2004 found a significant direct link between social influence and restrictive eating, as well as supportive the tripartite model
- Van den berg et al., 2002 additionally found support for perfectionism, BMI and global psychological functioning as risk factors. Also found that peer influence was directly linked to dieting behaviour, but family influences linked to comparison.
7
Q
What is the biopsychosocial model?
A
- Tripartite model was a good place to start, but doesn’t capture everything that might play a role in development of an eating disorder.
- Biopsychosocial model includes psychological factors (pre exisinting psych factors - negative affect – depression and low self-esteem), biological factors (BMI, body size), and social influences (sociocultural pressures and peer weight-teasing)
- Genetic factors also play a role in eating disorders, but are not included in the model because we are currently unable to measure it, and it is unclear how the gene works to predispose individuals.
8
Q
What are criticisms of the tripartite influence model?
A
- Insufficient - needs to include biological factors, psychological factors as well. It only has social factors.
- The direction of the arrows don’t make that much sense.
How do social influences and comparison lead to internalisation? Should internalisation lead to comparison instead?
9
Q
What does the theory about the relationship of social appearance comparison and media internalisation say?
A
Kind of solves the problem from tripartite model by using longitudinal data to infer causation
- Hypothesised that internalisation of ideals at an earlier time-point would lead to comparison at later time-points, leading to body dissatisfaction.
- The model is based on a longitudinal study, looking at 3 different time-points, to imply causality/direction of the relationship between variables.
- Media internalisation @ T1 → Social comparison @ T2 → Social Appearance Comaprison @ T3
- Media internalisation @ T1 → Body dissatisfaction @ T2
- Social Appearance Comaprison @ T2 → Body Dissatisfaction @ T3
- Body dissatisfaction @ T2 → Media internalisation @ T3
- Theory from a feminist perspective – socially sanctioned sexual objectification of the female body forms part of the woman’s daily experience, and eventually the woman starts internalisation it, and observing themselves as bodies → self-objectification.
- Increases shame and anxiety about body and appearance, constant self-consciousness…
- Can also apply to men
10
Q
What is the feminist perspective of body image and dissatisfaction?
A
A social constructionist account of the female body
- Due to social acceptability of the sexualisation of the female body through the “gaze” or visual inspection of the body.
- Sexual objectification forms part of the women’s daily experience.
- Through repeated experience of objectification, females are socialised to internalise an observer’s perspective of their own body (come to view themselves as an object).
- “Self-objectification”
- Characterised by habitual and constant monitoring of the body’s outward external appearance.
11
Q
What are the consequences of self objectification?
A
- increase in shame and anxiety about the body and appearance - as few females can live up to body ideals
- constant self consciousness makes it difficult to experience PEAK MOTIVATIONAL STATES and become sensitive to internal states
- consumes MENTAL RESOURCES
- lead to MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS including negative body image, disordered eating, eating disorders, depression and sexual dysfunction.
12
Q
What is the Dual Pathway Model?
A
- Proposes that there are two possible pathways to go down, once a person has body dissatisfaction: Dieting or Negative affect
- Low mood → binge → feel bad → compensate (bulimic symptoms) = disorder
- Has some empirical support but hasn’t been supported by every study
- On a prospective, longitudinal study, binge eating was seen as an outcome. Did not support the depression pathway, and proposed that maybe depression is secondary to the development of eating problems, rather than a causal factor.
13
Q
What are maintaining factors?
A
Factors that contribute to the development of a problem may not be the same as those that keep it going.
Not necessarily the factors that caused the problem.
14
Q
What is the CBT theory of Maintaining factors in Bulimia?
A
- early version of CBT theory
- over evaluation of eating, shape and weight and their control –> strict dieting and other weight control behaviour –> binge eating –> compensatory behaviour –>CYCLE IS CREATED!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
15
Q
What is the E-CBT Model?
A
Enhanced CBT Model.
- CORE LOW SELF-ESTEEM leads to overvaluing the external things and being more perfectionistic, to be acceptable in the outside world.
- LIFE factors (eg. Friends & family) inform all factors
- MOOD TOLERANCE influences binge eating and compensatory behaviours
- CBT-E model was conceptualised to be statistically measured by Allen et al., 2012, and guides therapy!
