Theory inequalities Social class Flashcards
Marxism
Westergaard
Scott
Neo - Marxism
Gramsci
Wright
Bavermaan
Westergaard
Marxism
argues that class difference has become stronger in the UK in the late 20th century. he claims the top 10% of the population have seen massive increases in their income whilst those on the lowest income has not seen a rise.
Rich get richer poor get poorer
Scott
Marxsim
Social closure - the upper class are exercising social closure therefore they are able to keep and maintain their wealth.
Intermarriage
Old boys network
Gramsci
Neo- marxsim
Developed the concept of hegemony ( which makes some ways of understanding the world so self-evident)
To explain the working class in e, and why it had not revolted yet.
-Argued through persuasion the ruling class no longer have to use their power
-this is through institutions e.g education
- work class conscious
- get just enough workers on your side to make them agree with their ideologies ( pensions)
Wright
neo-marxsim Contradictory class position - this means they are both exploited by the ruling class and also exploit the working class. Acknowledges all classes, working, middle and upper. This says that the middle class have a manager position and can tell the working class what to do but are still exploited by the bougioues.
Bavermaan
neo- marxsim
proletarianisation of the middle classes and workers were becoming deskilled. Proletarianisation - a concept that sees the middle class identifying more with the working-class identity in terms of pay and conditions of their employment - with the amount of control and freedom that they have with their work. -arguing some professional jobs have become deskilled, they lose their power their work is regulated and they are made aware of their subordination. There work becomes more and more routine e.g teaching
Marxist feminist
Benston
Feeley
Ansley
Benston
Marxist feminist
man has to provide for a wife and children, this means they are less likely to challenge capitalism - the risk of questions is too much.
The unpaid domestic labour if women help support the capitalist system- if a woman was paid a wage for their work there would have to be a huge redistribution of wealth. ( tax the rich to be able to give more money out)
Feeley
Marxist feminist
omen emerge from family life preconditioned to accept their place in the capitalist hierarchy.
Women job in the family is to ‘design to tach passively not rebiiolon.’
It socialises family members to accept traditional roles and the view that it is ‘natural’ for them to take responsibility for different roles.
Ansley
Marxist feminist
husband returns home from work after being exploited at work they take out their frustration and anger ( complain about their jobs and exploitation to their wives and not their bosses) which prevents revolution.
The wives absorb their husbands’ anger and frustration at their powerlessness and oppression in the workplace.
Ansley explain that in capitalist society women are the ‘ takers of shit’
Beechey
Marxist feminist
woman as a cheap reserve army of labour, brought in during economic boom but thrown out during slumps.
Women tend to be in the reserve army because they are often not in unions , they are prepared to work for less if their wage is a second income and they are seen as combining working with domestic responsibilities.
Functionalism
Durkheim
Parsons
Davis and Moore
Durkheim
Functionalism
class stratification existed because it was functional or beneficial to social order. He saw modern societies characteristics by a specialised occupational division of labour.
value consensus also means that members of a society accept the legitimacy of stratification e.g they accept that occupations should be graded in terms of their value to society and that those occupying the most functional to valued positions should receive greater rewards e.g higher income
Believed that ascription ( a society based on ascribed status) would lead to conflict because of those allocated roles.
Parsons
Functionalism
Social inequality and difference are also functional and an inevitable feature of social systems which need to be hierarchical to achieve order and ranking;
Based of KAPPA
K- Kinship - family status
A- Achievement - qualifications and skills
P- Personal Qualities - age beauty, intelligence
P- Possessions - status symbols
A- Authority - linked to kinship
The less KAPPA you have the likes you are to face inequalities
Davis and Moore
Functionalism
People are shifted and sorted into responsible roles based on their own skill and abltys . This is also from hard work truly meritocratic. This is an update on the work of Durkheim.
New Right
Saunders
Murray
Saunders
New right
Says that stratification severs important function.
Inequality is desirable and functional in order to encourage competition.
Murray
new right
Some people in society have to be in poverty to make the economic side of society work.
However states that children who do not have farther,
-girls without farther are emotional damage
Boys are sexual predators
Single mothers are not able to socialise there children
Blames welfare and the mothers
Weberian
Giddens
savage
Gidden
Weberian
Acknowledges that the upper class is also fragmented in the contemporary UK that there ate the traditional upper class along with the new rich
Traditional upper class
Entrepreneurial rich
Jet-set pop aristocracy
Savage
Weberian
There are different types of middle-class identities and lifestyles. He claims that the middle class is separated into public sector professionals ( working in health, education, and welfare) and the private sector whose income were considerably higher than their public sector counterparts
Postmodernism
Pakulski and waters
Beck
Furlong and Cartmel
Pakulski and water
Postmodernism
The death of class Says that there is a decline in importance of class called ‘status conventionalsim’
Portperty ownership has become less restricted allowing for more competition
NOW DEFINED AS WHAT WE OWN NOT WHAT WE DO.
Shows that inequality still exist but more on a global scale than a nation itself
Beck
postmodersim
these changes have lead to the development of more ‘individualise identities’ as we no longer feel a sense of social class identity focused around life style and tight - knit communities.
Furlong and Cartmel
postmodernisms
metaphor of a rail way journey to describe how life for young people was shaped by class in morden society
-within school working class and middle class children would boarded different trains bound for different destinations, once on the rack was little opportunity to change trains or destination. E.g working class children tened to end up in working class jobs
Post Morden society the journey is more likey to be taken by car, young people are constantly faced by choices and have the opportunity to make a lot of different decisions. Your class origin does not necessarily determine your class destination
