Theory Flashcards
What are the aspects that individuals weigh up in neo-classical explanations?
1) costs of push factors
2) benefits of pull factors
What are the critiques of neo-classical explanations:
1) Economic differences are not sufficient to cause migration
2) no free market of workers
3) theory only addresses labour market, leaving out other migrants
Why does the new economics of labour migration diversify sources of income?
Unequal distribution causes migration
Distribution of income means few rich, lots of poor people
Good points of neo-classical explanations?
-Acknowledges role of:
info
-social contexts
-which migrants operate and remittances
Bad points of neo-classical explanations?
- based on evidence from rural Mexico focused on economic migration
- only addresses causes of migration
What is the dual market theory?
-demand for labour in low paid, low prestige jobs for HDC’s causes in-migration
2 labour types:
Primary labour - high paid, qual
Secondary labour - low paid, unstable
What is world systems theory?
The theory that capitalism, modernisation displaces workers through a surplus of labour, moving them to cities and into developed countries in poor jobs
What are the pros of world systems theory?
- Accounts for historical/colonial links
- Addresses how different global systems are interlinked
World systems bad points?
Too linear
Too global
-Cannot explain diversity in migrant flows
-migrants not autonomous
What is migrant network theory?
Strong social ties provide resources that facilitate migration
How is Bourdieu linked to migrant network theory?
Networks = contacts, authority etc = social capital
What 2 effects are there from migrant networks?
Multiplier effect- knowing a migrant increases likelihood of relatives/acquaintances
Independent effect -
Once networks established, they support migrant in push/pull factors
Good points of mig network theory?
- Micro/macro bridge
- includes non-economic variables
- explains why some communities migrate
- explains migration with different contexts
Bad points of mig network?
- Exclusion of outsiders
- Excess claims on group members
- restrictions on individual freedoms
- downward levels of norms
What did Blanc (1992) argue with transnational networks?
1) social process where migrants operate in cross geographic/political/cultural borders
2) ties media based
3) home/host country in one field
4) related to globalisation
5) qualitative approach
Why is transnational perspective good?
Blends both countries
Normalises migration
But:
Ignores cultural relativism
What is a braindrain? what is this related to in current affairs?
Where talented people leave a country
Brexit and European academics
Levitt (2007) argued that?
Migration is not a one-way process
Transnational migrants are embedded in multiple sites
Nation state divisions not longer apply
Explain world systems theory
The world systems of economic progression interrupt actors lives and they migrate
What was Ravenstein’s (1885) understanding of migration?
People go from areas of high to low density
What is Ravenstein’s (1855) approach?
Neo-classical approach
Name another critique of classical theories? other than being economically based
Bipolar - separates sending/receiving countries
Name a difference between mig net theory and transnationalism
Transnationalism -sending/receiving countries are connected
Mig network - relates to the network in the host country
When did mig network theory and transnationalism come about?
1990’s
What does the multiplier and independent effect do in mig network theory
Multiplier - knowing migrants in host countries brings over relatives/friends
Independent - support migrants without push/pull factors
What theory is Blanc related to?
transnationalism
(Ties transgress boundaries
What theory is Bourdeiu related to?
Mig network
Network capital
Why is transnationalism and globalisation different?
transnationalism is between specific countries
In transnationalism, what are the 2 countries involved in?
Single social field
Such as Dominican Republic and USA
Why is transnationalism the opposite to the integration into one country?
It suggests that migrants move back and forth between host/sending country which maintains a connection between
Who can be related to transnationalism?
Khan (2005) - immigrants come to Britain for 5 year periods then leave, it’s all to do with short term employment
What were Massey’s (1996) 2 points on transnationalism?
- Migrants have distinct attitudes towards mobility and ties to countries, this isn’t applicable to everyone
- It’s Eurocentric
What does the neo-classical theory assume?
- Migrants pick countries that offer the best well being
- But constrained by finances and legislation of countries
What was Amin’s (1974) contribution?
World systems theory
What is world systems theory directed related to?
What does core mean?
World economy, how countries are kept out of it
Core countries with high financial capital, forged through domination
American control of IMF
How are world systems/dependency theory related?
both see LEDC’s as dependent on MEDC’s
This is pre-globalisation
What other term does Castles (2009) use for dual labour market?
Segmented labour market
What 2 types of transnationalism are there?
Transnationalism from:
1) Above
2) below
What does transnationalism allow for that neo-classical theory, world systems theory, dependency theory not?
Agency
Name all scholars relating to transnationalism
Massey (1996) - criticism
Khan (2005) - 5 year tings
Parutis (2011) - Eastern European (middling transnationals, econ migs)
Blanc (1992) - General theories
Harvey (1989) - space/time comp
Robertson (1993) - transnational identity
Levitt (1990) - not one way, embedded
Giddens (1990) disembedding
Who can be related to Dual market theory?
Standing 2010
Precariat/silariat
What did Koser (2007) argue?
Migration is a business
What did De Haas (2008) about irregular migration from Africa
Migration into Europe through illegal/irregular means has risen since Europe shut the doors legally
What other ideas can Castles be associated with?
European waves of migration
Opposing theories
Something else
