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Phonetics > Theory 2 > Flashcards

Theory 2 Flashcards

1
Q

major category words (4)

A
  1. adjectives
  2. nouns
  3. adverbs
  4. main verbs
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2
Q

gradation pronunication

A

Pronunciation in a longer utterance (sentence)

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3
Q

minor category words (also called function words = 5)

A
  1. prepositions
  2. articles
  3. pronouns
  4. auxiliaries
  5. conjunctions
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4
Q

deletion site

A

a place where words have been deleted because they would have been repeated otherwise.
(I think we can do it today, but I don’t thing we can (do it) tomorrow)

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5
Q

deletion rule

A

the auxiliary has its SF immediately before a deletion site.

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6
Q

deletion rule in case of ‘to be’

A

When be is a copula, the deletion rule applies to the subject complement (nominal part of the predicate).

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7
Q

weak form (WF= 3)

A
  1. no foot (no stressed syllable)
  2. always weak vowels
  3. lose initial /h/ and /w/
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8
Q

the use of SF of auxiliaries (3)

A
  1. they are accented
  2. they occur immediately before a deletion site
  3. in sentence-inital position, the SF may also be used.
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9
Q

gradation of prepositions (SF=3)

A

Prepositions have their SF when:

  1. they are accented
  2. they occur immediately before a deletion site
  3. an unaccented preposition occurs before an unaccented personal pronoun (preposition usually also has its SF.)
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10
Q

phoneme substitutions

A

replace a phoneme (sound) in a word with another phoneme to form a new word. (band-sand-bank)

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11
Q

auxiliay (3)

A

hulpwerkwoord; be, do & have

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12
Q

conjuction (4)

A

voegwoord; and, but, while, although

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13
Q

copula

A

a type of verb, of which the most common is “be”, that joins the subject of the verb with a complement (You smell nice)

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14
Q

predicate

A

the part of a sentence that contains the verb and gives information about the subject (We went to the airport => went to the airport)

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15
Q

phonological context

A

the place of a phoneme in a longer utterance. E.g. duration of a vowel depends on phonological context.

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16
Q

allophones

A

Different pronunciations of a phoneme used in different phonological contexts. (t= style - tile)
Allophones are written between square brackets: [ ]

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17
Q

allophones

A

Different pronunciations of a phoneme used in different phonological contexts. (AN=’geen’ met harde of zachte ‘G’, betekenis veranderd niet)
Allophones are written between square brackets: [ ]

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18
Q

basic phonemes

A

normal phonemes (klanken = vowels & consonants)

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19
Q

onomatopoeic words

A

Onomatopoeic: the formation of a word by imitation of a sound made by or associated with its referent

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20
Q

onomatopoeic words

A

Onomatopoeic: the formation of a word by imitation of a sound made.

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21
Q

phonetics

A

It studies the production, transmission and reception of speech-sounds and the descriptions of sounds with all their different realizations depending on context.

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22
Q

phoneme

A

the smallest unit of language that brings about a change in meaning. Phonemes are written between / /.

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23
Q

phonology

A

It studies the linguistic functions of phonemes.

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24
Q

overgeneralisation

A

Applying a rule you have (just) mastered even to the exceptions.

25
Q

Phonetic overcompensation

A

Exaggeration by the learner of the differences between the sound to be acquired and the sound in the learner’s language that is normally used in stead of it.

26
Q

PREGLOTTALISED

A

GLOTTALLY REINFORCED. [?p] ‘pauze’ ‘p’

27
Q

ASPIRATED

A

aansluitend krachtig uitblaasje [ph]

28
Q

allophones of P, T & K (3)

A
  1. ASPIRATED syllable-initially
  2. Unless preceded by /s/ : UNASPIRATED
  3. PREGLOTTALISED syllable-finally (especially+ C)
29
Q

minimal pair

A

2 words that only differ in 1 speech-sound.

30
Q

acquisation process language

A

It takes time & effort to learn a (new) language.

31
Q

overcompensation

A

Overshooting; trying too hard to pronounce a word/phoneme correct and making it worse. Dutch ‘nut’ instead of RP ‘nut’ => ‘not’

32
Q

lateral cross-section 1

A
  1. hard palate (harde gehemelte)
33
Q

lateral cross-section 2

A
  1. soft palate/velum (zachte gehemelte)
34
Q

lateral cross-section 3

A
  1. uvula (huig)
35
Q

lateral cross-section 4

A
  1. epiglottis (strotklep)
36
Q

lateral cross-section 5

A
  1. glottis (stemspleet)
37
Q

lateral cross-section 6

A
  1. (slokdarm)
38
Q

lateral cross-section 7

A
  1. luchtpijp (luchtpijp)
39
Q

lateral cross-section 8

A
  1. teeth (tanden)
40
Q

lateral cross-section 9

A
  1. larynx (strottehoofd)
41
Q

lateral cross-section 10.

A
  1. back tongue (tongrug)
42
Q

lateral cross-section 11

A
  1. front tongue (tongblad)
43
Q

lateral cross-section 12

A
  1. tongue (tong)
44
Q

lateral cross-section 13

A
  1. blade (tip vd tong/tongpunt)
45
Q

lateral cross-section 14

A
  1. teeth (tanden)
46
Q

lateral cross-section 15

A
  1. alveolar ridge (tandkasrichel)
47
Q

lateral cross-section 16

A
  1. nasal cavity (neusholte)
48
Q

describe an open glottis

A

upsidedown ‘V’ cords; used for

  1. all fortis obstruents (p, t, k, f, think, s, pressure)
  2. voiceless sounds (
  3. ordinairy breathing
49
Q

describe a vibrating glottis (4)

A

zigzag cords; used for

  1. all sonorants approximants (l, r. j. w),
  2. nasals (m, n, ng),
  3. all other obstruents (lenis) (b, d, g, v, this, zinc, measure)
  4. vowels
50
Q

describe a closed glottis

A

vertical stripe cords; glottal stop [?]

51
Q

describe a narrowed glottis

A

peace sign cords; whispering (loud) + /h/ in RP

52
Q

soft palate down=

A

nasal sounds

53
Q

soft palate raised up=

A

oral sounds

54
Q

linking /r/

A

linking 2 words together if the 2nd starts with a vowel.

bijv. how far is … /hau fa:r iz…/ <=> it’s far /its fa:/

55
Q

marginal vowels

A

vowels of which the sound is longer, stretched.

56
Q

lexical verb ‘do’

A

(gewoon) werkwoord

1. uitvoering

57
Q

lexical verb ‘have’ (3)

A

(gewoon) werkwoord
1. dragen
2. laten uitvoeren
3. bezitten

58
Q

pharynx

Phonetics (4 decks)

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