pronunciation 2

Question 1

citation pronunciation

Answer 1

the pronunciation of a word in isolation, as when cited or quoted (SF)

Question 2

gradation pronunication

Answer 2

some minor category words that have a SF and a WF

Question 3

strong form (SF)

Answer 3

the pronunciation of a word in isolation, as when cited or quoted (SF)

Question 4

weak form (WF)

Answer 4

o unstresses (no foot)o weak vowels onlyo lose intial /h/ or /w/o the pronunciation of a word as pronounced in an utterance of free speech.

Question 5

major category words (4)

Answer 5

-adjectives-nouns-adverbs-main verbs

Question 6

minor category words (5)(also called function words)

Answer 6

-prepositions-articles-pronouns-auxiliaries-conjunctions-copula ‘to be’

Question 7

deletion site

Answer 7

a place where words have been deleted because they would have been repeated otherwise.I think we can do it today, but I don’t thing we can (do it) tomorrow.

Question 8

deletion rule in case of ‘to be’

Answer 8

When be is a copula, the deletion rule applies to the subject complement (nominal part of the predicate).

Question 9

the use of SF of auxiliaries

Answer 9

-when accented -when they occur immediately before a deletion site-In sentence-inital position-in question tags (he didn’t do it, did he?)-in negations ( he shouldn’t do that)

Question 10

gradation of prepositions

Answer 10

prepositions have their SF -when they are accented -when they occur immediately before a deletion site. -When an unaccented preposition occurs before an unaccented personal pronoun

Question 11

phoneme substitutions

Answer 11

phonological interference = to use the sound of your own language in the language you’re learning.

Question 12

phonological context

Answer 12

the place of a phoneme in a longer utterance. the phonemes around the phoneme we are talking aboutE.g. duration of a vowel depends on phonological context.

Question 13

allophones

Answer 13

the different pronunciations of a phoneme in different phonological contexts.For example the /p/ in pot. You pronounce it as ‘ph’. In spot you pronounce is as ‘p’.Allophones are written between square brackets: [ ]

Question 14

basic phonemes

Answer 14

normal phonemes

Question 15

marginal phonemes

Answer 15

phonemes that are only used in onomatopoeic words and recent loanwords, e.g. blèren. Onomatopoeic: the formation of a word, as cuckoo, meow, or boom, by imitation of a sound made by or associated with its referent

Question 16

phonetics

Answer 16

is about speech. It studies the production, transmission and reception of speech-sounds and the descriptions of sounds with all their different realizations depending on context.

Question 17

phoneme

Answer 17

the smallest unit of language that brings about a change in meaning. Phonemes are written between / /.

Question 18

phonology

Answer 18

is about language. it studies the linguistic functions of phonemes.

Question 19

overgeneralisation

Answer 19

Use a newly acquired pronunciation rule even there, where it isn’t acquired. For example /p/ in pot is pronounced as /ph/.If you’d do the same in spot (which should have a normal /p/, you overgeneralize.

Question 20

Phonetic overcompensation

Answer 20

When you are learning to pronounce something, overshoot your mark and make it even worse than it was before.

Question 21

Phonological interference

Answer 21

The tendency to use the sounds of the own language in the language you are learning.

Question 22

Realization of a phoneme

Answer 22

pronunciation of a phoneme

Question 23

pitch

Answer 23

the degree of highness or lowness of a speech sound or voice

Question 24

frequency of vibration

Answer 24

the higher the pitch the higher the frequency of vibration, which is expressed in hertz and refers to the number of times the vocal cords open and close per second.

Question 25

intonation

Answer 25

changing pitch within an utterance

Question 26

accent

Answer 26

the point at which you change pitch

Question 27

three types of voicing (using your voice)

Answer 27

o normal voiceo creaky voiceo breathy voice (licht hese stem)

Question 28

raised velum

Answer 28

oral sounds

Question 29

lowered velum

Answer 29

nasal sounds /m,n,ng/

Question 30

breath group

Answer 30

the amount of speech produced on a single outgoing airstream

Question 31

larynx

Answer 31

(strottenhoofd): first important organ the airstream will meet on its path from the lungs

Question 32

vocal cords (or vocal folds)

Answer 32

two thickish flaps that open and close the larynx

Question 33

function of the vocal cords

Answer 33

prevent food / saliva to go to the lungs, function for speech.

Question 34

glottis

Answer 34

the aperture between the vocal cords

Question 35

Resonance and friction

Answer 35

• affect the airstream to produce different speech sounds

Question 36

friction

Answer 36

(vibrating) air flows through a narrowing in the vocal tract (fricatives)

Question 37

Blocking and then releasing

Answer 37

plosives

Question 38

Blocking and then releasing with friction

Answer 38

affricates

Question 39

resonance

Answer 39

The shape you give to your oral cavity determines the sound that comes out (vowels, they echo like a guitar)

Question 40

Open glottis- drawing- sounds

Answer 40

circle with the big trianglebreathingvoiceless sounds, e.g. /s/ in say

Question 41

Vibrating glottis- drawing- sounds

Answer 41

circle with the zig-zag line- all voiced sounds (vowels)- /ei/ in say

Question 42

closed glottis- drawing- sounds

Answer 42

circle with a vertical lineglottal stop (stop at once): NO! or /p,t,k/AN beoog

Question 43

narrowed glottis- drawing- sounds

Answer 43

‘peace’ sign- loud whispering- RP /h/

Question 44

who = relative pronoun

Answer 44

WF /hu/

Question 45

who = interrogative pronoun

Answer 45

SF /hu:/

Question 46

that = linking word (conjunction or relative pronoun)

Answer 46

WF/det/ (delta-schwa-t)

Question 47

that = demonstrative pronoun or adverb

Answer 47

SF/daet/ (delta-appeltje-t)