pronunciation 2 Flashcards
citation pronunciation
the pronunciation of a word in isolation, as when cited or quoted (SF)
gradation pronunication
some minor category words that have a SF and a WF
strong form (SF)
the pronunciation of a word in isolation, as when cited or quoted (SF)
weak form (WF)
o unstresses (no foot)o weak vowels onlyo lose intial /h/ or /w/o the pronunciation of a word as pronounced in an utterance of free speech.
major category words (4)
-adjectives-nouns-adverbs-main verbs
minor category words (5)(also called function words)
-prepositions-articles-pronouns-auxiliaries-conjunctions-copula ‘to be’
deletion site
a place where words have been deleted because they would have been repeated otherwise.I think we can do it today, but I don’t thing we can (do it) tomorrow.
deletion rule in case of ‘to be’
When be is a copula, the deletion rule applies to the subject complement (nominal part of the predicate).
the use of SF of auxiliaries
-when accented -when they occur immediately before a deletion site-In sentence-inital position-in question tags (he didn’t do it, did he?)-in negations ( he shouldn’t do that)
gradation of prepositions
prepositions have their SF -when they are accented -when they occur immediately before a deletion site. -When an unaccented preposition occurs before an unaccented personal pronoun
phoneme substitutions
phonological interference = to use the sound of your own language in the language you’re learning.
phonological context
the place of a phoneme in a longer utterance. the phonemes around the phoneme we are talking aboutE.g. duration of a vowel depends on phonological context.
allophones
the different pronunciations of a phoneme in different phonological contexts.For example the /p/ in pot. You pronounce it as ‘ph’. In spot you pronounce is as ‘p’.Allophones are written between square brackets: [ ]
basic phonemes
normal phonemes
marginal phonemes
phonemes that are only used in onomatopoeic words and recent loanwords, e.g. blèren. Onomatopoeic: the formation of a word, as cuckoo, meow, or boom, by imitation of a sound made by or associated with its referent
phonetics
is about speech. It studies the production, transmission and reception of speech-sounds and the descriptions of sounds with all their different realizations depending on context.
phoneme
the smallest unit of language that brings about a change in meaning. Phonemes are written between / /.
phonology
is about language. it studies the linguistic functions of phonemes.
overgeneralisation
Use a newly acquired pronunciation rule even there, where it isn’t acquired. For example /p/ in pot is pronounced as /ph/.If you’d do the same in spot (which should have a normal /p/, you overgeneralize.
Phonetic overcompensation
When you are learning to pronounce something, overshoot your mark and make it even worse than it was before.
Phonological interference
The tendency to use the sounds of the own language in the language you are learning.
Realization of a phoneme
pronunciation of a phoneme
pitch
the degree of highness or lowness of a speech sound or voice
frequency of vibration
the higher the pitch the higher the frequency of vibration, which is expressed in hertz and refers to the number of times the vocal cords open and close per second.
