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Phonetics > Phonetics 3 > Flashcards

Phonetics 3 Flashcards

1
Q

syllable

A

‘lettergreep’ in pronunciation; consists of a at least peak sometimes followed by a coda or preceeded by an onset.

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2
Q

onset

A

all phonemes before the peak

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3
Q

peak

A

vowel of a syllable. (Could be the whole syllable!)

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4
Q

coda

A

all phonemes after the peak.

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5
Q

Differences coda AN - RP

A
  • (AN) Only obstruents fortis can be found in a coda (p, t, k, f, s etc) unless followed by ‘schwa’ (bijv. eten/Ede)<=> (RP) all pairs of obstruents can be found in coda.
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6
Q

phonemic duration

A

The length of pronunciation of a phoneme. You have 3 options: Short (S), Long (L) or Intermediate (i).

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7
Q

allophonic duration

A

Difference in duration is determined by phonological context. Either: I, II, IIII. In AN determined by the use of /r/ => biet / bier

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8
Q

pre-fortis clipping

A

Shortened duration (twice as short) of a vowel or voiced portion when followed by a fortis obstruent in comparison to being followed by a lenis obstruent (beat - bead / kilt, false - form, lambs). Both stressed + unstressed syllables

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9
Q

tense vowels <=> lax vowels

A

Short <=> Long duration

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10
Q

Duration of a syllable

A

Phonemically short = 1 (I) short allophone = x0 long allophone = x2 phonemically long = 2 (II)

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11
Q

Intermediate + fortis obstruent

A

= phonemically short

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12
Q

intermediate + all other obstruents

A

= phonemically long

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13
Q

voiced portion

A

vowel or vowel + sonorant = syllable peak + any sonorant consonants in syllable coda

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14
Q

rhyme

A

The vowel in the middle of a syllable, and any sounds after it in the syllable = peak + coda

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15
Q

sonorants (7)

A

n, m, ng, l, r, j, w

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16
Q

fortis (8)

A

p, t, k, f, θ, s, ʃ, h

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17
Q

pronunciation words, clue & help /æ/

A

= pet, hat, sat (AN= sta a a a ak) = open mouth!

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18
Q

describe AN /i/ (rits)

A
  • Front - close - unrounded
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19
Q

describe AN /e/ (eer)

A
  • front - mid-close - unrounded
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20
Q

describe AN /ɛ/ = (ets)

A
  • front - mid-open - unrounded
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21
Q

describe AN /a/ (Aad)

A
  • front - open - unrounded
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22
Q

describe AN /u/ (Oek)

A
  • back - close - rounded
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23
Q

describe AN /o/ (oor)

A
  • back - mid-close - rounded
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24
Q

describe AN /ɔ/ = (catastrofe)

A
  • back - mid-open - rounded
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25
Q

describe AN /ɑ/ (ach)

A
  • back - open - unrounded
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26
Q

production monothongs

A

More or less stationary tongue and lip position

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27
Q

production diphthongs

A

Movement of the tongue = tongue glide + possible lip position change.

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28
Q

first element

A

Starting position of a diphthongal glide (= diphthong element)

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29
Q

second element

A

Target of the diphthongal glide (=Arrow)

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30
Q

D (diphthongal box)

A

To express a change in lip position (unrounded to rounded) If backwards => rounded to unrounded

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31
Q

describe RP /i:/ (piece/sea)

A
  • front - close - unrounded AN (dealen) either too long (beat, belief) or too short (see, bead, believe) AN (file) naive Dutch speakers
32
Q

diphthongised /i:/

A

Ex: E, seed, sneeze - centralised front - almost close - unrounded - moving to /i/ = more close, more front

33
Q

describe RP /i/ (sit)

A
  • centralised front - mid-close - unrounded AN= usually no problems (left next to RP) AN= stammering E E E E E R
34
Q

describe RP /u:/ (soup, blue)

A
  • centralised back - close - rounded AN= /u/ (Oek) = too short AN= /u:/ (Goose) = too long Practise AN toetje, toetje, toetje (oe+/w/ oe+/w/ oe+/w/)
35
Q

describe RP /ʊ/ (put/good)

A
  • centralised back - mid-close - rounded (lips quite lax) AN= more open than AN /u/ AN= stammer O O O OR
36
Q

overgeneralise /ʊ/

A
  • too open => Luke = look
37
Q

describe RP /e/ (net/head)

A
  • front - mid-close / mid-open - unrounded AN /3/ = similar = smile
38
Q

describe RP /æ/ (hat/sad)

A
  • front - open - unrounded AN= stammer STA A A AK AN /3:/ (crème) = too long too close
39
Q

/e/ /æ/ (4 examples)

A

pet - pal neck - nap mess - mass sell - sad

40
Q

describe RP /^/ (nut/love)

A
  • centralised front - mid-open - unrounded AN /Y/ (buk) = too rounded (lips => smile) AN /oe:/ (manoeuvre) = too rounded, too long AN /a/ (bak) = too open => close AN /schwa/ = too open
41
Q

describe RP /ɒ/ (dog/common/not/knob)

A
  • back - mid-open - rounded AN /ɔ/ (bok) = too close => more open AN /ɔ:/ (catastrofe) = shorten ofe = RP /D/ backwards
42
Q

describe RP /a:/ (dark/palm/far)

A
  • centralised back - open - unrounded AN /a:/ = basket => no problems
43
Q

describe RP /ɔ:/ (port/all)

A
  • back - between mid-open/mid-close - rounded AN /ɔ:/ = too open (=> close mouth more) AN /ɔr/ = r-colouring (or, porter, pores) use this sound without the /r/ as in ‘oor’ + lengthen it.
44
Q

long allophone

A

IIII - duration

45
Q

intermediate allophone

A

II - duration

46
Q

short allophone

A

I - duration

47
Q

describe RP /3:/ (earth/stirred)

A
  • central - closer than mid-open - unrounded AN /yr/ (kurk): too short AN /ø`r/ (deur): without /r/ but feels like (crème) SMILE!
48
Q

monophthoning

A

changing a diphthong to a longer version of it’s first element.

49
Q

smoothing

A

= monophthoning = disappearance of the 2nd element + lengthening the 1st.

50
Q

closing diphthongs (5)

A

Diphthong that is produced by a tongue glide moving to a closer position. /iə, əʊ, ai, aʊ, ɔi / ə ʊ ɔ

51
Q

centring diphthongs (3)

A

Diphthong that is produced by a tongue glide moving to a position nearer the centre of the vowel diagram. /iə, eə, ʊə/

52
Q

Name closing diphthongs + example words RP words - AN words (5)

A

/ei/ pay - AN ree

/əʊ/ flow - AN vlo

/ai/ high - AN haai

/aʊ/ now - AN nauw

/ɔi/ toy - AN Roy

53
Q

RP /ei/

A

Square-box: Start at /e/ front, between mid-open/mid-close & unrounded Glide up to /i/ centralised front, mid-close, unrounded Generally more open than AN counterpart (L=A, pay, babe/I=main, pale/S=bait, lake, ace)

54
Q

RP /əʊ/

A

D-box: Start at /ə/ central, between mid-open/mid-close & unrounded Glide up to /ʊ/ centralised back, mid-close, rounded (L=owe, mode/I=own, goal/S=goat, oak, dose)

55
Q

RP /aɪ/

A

Square-box: Starts /a/: open, centralised, unrounded Glides to /I/: mid-close, centralised front, unrounded (L= I, ride, rise/I=Rhine, mile/S=light, pike, rise)

56
Q

RP /aʊ/

A

D-box: Starts /a/: open, centralised, unrounded Glide up to /ʊ/ centralised back, mid-close, rounded

57
Q

RP /ɔɪ/

A

ɑ-box: Starts /ɔ:/ mid-open, back, rounded Glides up to /ɪ/ between mid-open/mid-close, centralised unrounded. avoid /ɔjɪ/ => /ɔe/ (L= boy, avoid, noise/I= loin, foil/S=voice, point)

58
Q

RP /ɪə/

A

Square-box: Starts /ɪ/: mid-close, centralised front unrounded. Glides down to /ə/: mid-open, central, unrounded AN /i/ = too close AN /a/ = too open + too back (L= ear, beers, beard/I=real/S=pierce)

59
Q

RP /ʊə/

A

ɑ-box: Starts /ʊ/ centralised back, mid-close, rounded Glides down to /ə/: mid-open, central, unrounded When monophthonigised it merges with RP /ɔ:/ (Bureau, Europe, tourist, poor, pour, pore, tour, tore)

60
Q

RP /eə/

A

Square-box: Start at /e/ front, between mid-open/mid-close & unrounded (like AN crème) Glides to /ə/: mid-open, central, unrounded AN= too short (Mary, scary, vary) should be (serre, blèren) (air, scares, bared)

61
Q

Reduction

A

Term used for weakening phenomena. Weakening of phonemes. AN politie = /pəlisi/

62
Q

compression

A

loss of a syllable because of glides or of deletion of a schwa. /i/ => /j/ before compression (weak vowel) medium = /mi:diəm/ => /mi:djəm/ /u/ => /w/ before compression (weak vowel) usual = /ju:ʒuəl/ => /ju:ʒwəl/

63
Q

r-colouring

A

Is the pronunciation of a vowel combined with a strong /r/ (far = /fa:r ipv fa:)

64
Q

Vowel diagram front RP (4)

A

i:, I, e, æ

65
Q

Vowel diagram RP back (5)

A

u:, ʊ, ɔ:, ɒ, a:

66
Q

Vowel diagram RP (centre) 3

A

ə, 3:, ^

67
Q

Vowel diphthong diagram (closing) 5

A

aɪ, aʊ, eɪ, əʊ, ɔɪ

68
Q

Vowel diagram diphthongs (centralised) 3

A

eə, ɪə, ʊə

69
Q

Learners use an AN vowel that is too open =

A

ɔ:

AN door - RP door

70
Q

Learners use an AN vowel that is close (7):

A

i: u: ʊ ^ æ 3: ɒ

AN liep - RP sheep

AN oevre - RP shoot

AN boek - RP book

AN het - RP hat

AN put - RP fun

AN toch - RP dog

AN keur - RP her

71
Q

Learners use an AN vowel that is too rounded (2)

A

^ 3:

AN oevre - RP fun

AN oevre - RP her

72
Q

Learners use an AN vowel that is not rounded enough (1)

A

ɒ

AN dak - RP dog

73
Q

Learners use an AN vowel that is too long (2)

A

i: u:

AN dealen - RP sheep

AN Oek - RP shoot

74
Q

Learners use an AN vowel and use r-colouring (3)

A

a: ɔ: 3:

farther - father

court - caught

heared - hurt

75
Q

Learners confuse a (3 pairs)

A

u: - ʊ / ^ - ɒ / e - æ

shoot - book

duck - dog

pet - hat

too close => open mouth more

76
Q

Learners use an AN vowel that is almost right (3)

A

I a: e

pin

basket

pen

77
Q
A

Phonetics (4 decks)

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