Phonetics 3 Flashcards
syllable
‘lettergreep’ in pronunciation; consists of a at least peak sometimes followed by a coda or preceeded by an onset.
onset
all phonemes before the peak
peak
vowel of a syllable. (Could be the whole syllable!)
coda
all phonemes after the peak.
Differences coda AN - RP
- (AN) Only obstruents fortis can be found in a coda (p, t, k, f, s etc) unless followed by ‘schwa’ (bijv. eten/Ede)<=> (RP) all pairs of obstruents can be found in coda.
phonemic duration
The length of pronunciation of a phoneme. You have 3 options: Short (S), Long (L) or Intermediate (i).
allophonic duration
Difference in duration is determined by phonological context. Either: I, II, IIII. In AN determined by the use of /r/ => biet / bier
pre-fortis clipping
Shortened duration (twice as short) of a vowel or voiced portion when followed by a fortis obstruent in comparison to being followed by a lenis obstruent (beat - bead / kilt, false - form, lambs). Both stressed + unstressed syllables
tense vowels <=> lax vowels
Short <=> Long duration
Duration of a syllable
Phonemically short = 1 (I) short allophone = x0 long allophone = x2 phonemically long = 2 (II)
Intermediate + fortis obstruent
= phonemically short
intermediate + all other obstruents
= phonemically long
voiced portion
vowel or vowel + sonorant = syllable peak + any sonorant consonants in syllable coda
rhyme
The vowel in the middle of a syllable, and any sounds after it in the syllable = peak + coda
sonorants (7)
n, m, ng, l, r, j, w
fortis (8)
p, t, k, f, θ, s, ʃ, h
pronunciation words, clue & help /æ/
= pet, hat, sat (AN= sta a a a ak) = open mouth!
describe AN /i/ (rits)
- Front - close - unrounded
describe AN /e/ (eer)
- front - mid-close - unrounded
describe AN /ɛ/ = (ets)
- front - mid-open - unrounded
describe AN /a/ (Aad)
- front - open - unrounded
describe AN /u/ (Oek)
- back - close - rounded
describe AN /o/ (oor)
- back - mid-close - rounded
describe AN /ɔ/ = (catastrofe)
- back - mid-open - rounded
describe AN /ɑ/ (ach)
- back - open - unrounded
production monothongs
More or less stationary tongue and lip position
production diphthongs
Movement of the tongue = tongue glide + possible lip position change.
first element
Starting position of a diphthongal glide (= diphthong element)
second element
Target of the diphthongal glide (=Arrow)
D (diphthongal box)
To express a change in lip position (unrounded to rounded) If backwards => rounded to unrounded
describe RP /i:/ (piece/sea)
- front - close - unrounded AN (dealen) either too long (beat, belief) or too short (see, bead, believe) AN (file) naive Dutch speakers
diphthongised /i:/
Ex: E, seed, sneeze - centralised front - almost close - unrounded - moving to /i/ = more close, more front
describe RP /i/ (sit)
- centralised front - mid-close - unrounded AN= usually no problems (left next to RP) AN= stammering E E E E E R
describe RP /u:/ (soup, blue)
- centralised back - close - rounded AN= /u/ (Oek) = too short AN= /u:/ (Goose) = too long Practise AN toetje, toetje, toetje (oe+/w/ oe+/w/ oe+/w/)
describe RP /ʊ/ (put/good)
- centralised back - mid-close - rounded (lips quite lax) AN= more open than AN /u/ AN= stammer O O O OR
overgeneralise /ʊ/
- too open => Luke = look
describe RP /e/ (net/head)
- front - mid-close / mid-open - unrounded AN /3/ = similar = smile
describe RP /æ/ (hat/sad)
- front - open - unrounded AN= stammer STA A A AK AN /3:/ (crème) = too long too close
/e/ /æ/ (4 examples)
pet - pal neck - nap mess - mass sell - sad
describe RP /^/ (nut/love)
- centralised front - mid-open - unrounded AN /Y/ (buk) = too rounded (lips => smile) AN /oe:/ (manoeuvre) = too rounded, too long AN /a/ (bak) = too open => close AN /schwa/ = too open
describe RP /ɒ/ (dog/common/not/knob)
- back - mid-open - rounded AN /ɔ/ (bok) = too close => more open AN /ɔ:/ (catastrofe) = shorten ofe = RP /D/ backwards
describe RP /a:/ (dark/palm/far)
- centralised back - open - unrounded AN /a:/ = basket => no problems
describe RP /ɔ:/ (port/all)
- back - between mid-open/mid-close - rounded AN /ɔ:/ = too open (=> close mouth more) AN /ɔr/ = r-colouring (or, porter, pores) use this sound without the /r/ as in ‘oor’ + lengthen it.
long allophone
IIII - duration
intermediate allophone
II - duration
short allophone
I - duration
describe RP /3:/ (earth/stirred)
- central - closer than mid-open - unrounded AN /yr/ (kurk): too short AN /ø`r/ (deur): without /r/ but feels like (crème) SMILE!
monophthoning
changing a diphthong to a longer version of it’s first element.
smoothing
= monophthoning = disappearance of the 2nd element + lengthening the 1st.
closing diphthongs (5)
Diphthong that is produced by a tongue glide moving to a closer position. /iə, əʊ, ai, aʊ, ɔi / ə ʊ ɔ
centring diphthongs (3)
Diphthong that is produced by a tongue glide moving to a position nearer the centre of the vowel diagram. /iə, eə, ʊə/
Name closing diphthongs + example words RP words - AN words (5)
/ei/ pay - AN ree
/əʊ/ flow - AN vlo
/ai/ high - AN haai
/aʊ/ now - AN nauw
/ɔi/ toy - AN Roy
RP /ei/
Square-box: Start at /e/ front, between mid-open/mid-close & unrounded Glide up to /i/ centralised front, mid-close, unrounded Generally more open than AN counterpart (L=A, pay, babe/I=main, pale/S=bait, lake, ace)
RP /əʊ/
D-box: Start at /ə/ central, between mid-open/mid-close & unrounded Glide up to /ʊ/ centralised back, mid-close, rounded (L=owe, mode/I=own, goal/S=goat, oak, dose)
RP /aɪ/
Square-box: Starts /a/: open, centralised, unrounded Glides to /I/: mid-close, centralised front, unrounded (L= I, ride, rise/I=Rhine, mile/S=light, pike, rise)
RP /aʊ/
D-box: Starts /a/: open, centralised, unrounded Glide up to /ʊ/ centralised back, mid-close, rounded
RP /ɔɪ/
ɑ-box: Starts /ɔ:/ mid-open, back, rounded Glides up to /ɪ/ between mid-open/mid-close, centralised unrounded. avoid /ɔjɪ/ => /ɔe/ (L= boy, avoid, noise/I= loin, foil/S=voice, point)
RP /ɪə/
Square-box: Starts /ɪ/: mid-close, centralised front unrounded. Glides down to /ə/: mid-open, central, unrounded AN /i/ = too close AN /a/ = too open + too back (L= ear, beers, beard/I=real/S=pierce)
RP /ʊə/
ɑ-box: Starts /ʊ/ centralised back, mid-close, rounded Glides down to /ə/: mid-open, central, unrounded When monophthonigised it merges with RP /ɔ:/ (Bureau, Europe, tourist, poor, pour, pore, tour, tore)
RP /eə/
Square-box: Start at /e/ front, between mid-open/mid-close & unrounded (like AN crème) Glides to /ə/: mid-open, central, unrounded AN= too short (Mary, scary, vary) should be (serre, blèren) (air, scares, bared)
Reduction
Term used for weakening phenomena. Weakening of phonemes. AN politie = /pəlisi/
compression
loss of a syllable because of glides or of deletion of a schwa. /i/ => /j/ before compression (weak vowel) medium = /mi:diəm/ => /mi:djəm/ /u/ => /w/ before compression (weak vowel) usual = /ju:ʒuəl/ => /ju:ʒwəl/
r-colouring
Is the pronunciation of a vowel combined with a strong /r/ (far = /fa:r ipv fa:)
Vowel diagram front RP (4)
i:, I, e, æ
Vowel diagram RP back (5)
u:, ʊ, ɔ:, ɒ, a:
Vowel diagram RP (centre) 3
ə, 3:, ^
Vowel diphthong diagram (closing) 5
aɪ, aʊ, eɪ, əʊ, ɔɪ
Vowel diagram diphthongs (centralised) 3
eə, ɪə, ʊə
Learners use an AN vowel that is too open =
ɔ:
AN door - RP door
Learners use an AN vowel that is close (7):
i: u: ʊ ^ æ 3: ɒ
AN liep - RP sheep
AN oevre - RP shoot
AN boek - RP book
AN het - RP hat
AN put - RP fun
AN toch - RP dog
AN keur - RP her
Learners use an AN vowel that is too rounded (2)
^ 3:
AN oevre - RP fun
AN oevre - RP her
Learners use an AN vowel that is not rounded enough (1)
ɒ
AN dak - RP dog
Learners use an AN vowel that is too long (2)
i: u:
AN dealen - RP sheep
AN Oek - RP shoot
Learners use an AN vowel and use r-colouring (3)
a: ɔ: 3:
farther - father
court - caught
heared - hurt
Learners confuse a (3 pairs)
u: - ʊ / ^ - ɒ / e - æ
shoot - book
duck - dog
pet - hat
too close => open mouth more
Learners use an AN vowel that is almost right (3)
I a: e
pin
basket
pen
