Phonetics 4 Flashcards
constriction
air is not allowed to escape freely through the oral and nasal cavity.
three-term label (consonants)
- state of the glottis
- place of articulation
- manner of articulation
articulation glottal stop
neither voiced nor unvoiced
bilabial
two lips articulate with each other (ma, pa bumpy)
labio-dental
lower lip articulates with upper teeth (fee)
labio-velar
lips articulate with each other, while at the same time the back of the tongue articulates with the velum (what, well)
labio-velar
lips articulate with each other, while at the same time the back of the tongue articulates with the velum (what, well)
dental
tip other tongue articulates with the upper teeth (thing, this, that)
denti-alveolar
blade of the gongue articulates with the alveolar ridge, while the tip touches the inside of the upper teeth (d/t in AN ‘daad, kan’
alveolar
tip and/or blade articulate with the alveolar ridge (RP t, d, n, l => telly, dolly, Lenny)
post-alveolar
tip articulates with the rear edge of the alveolar ridge (Henry)
pre-palatal
blade and front of the tongue articulate with the forward part of the hard palate (AN ‘kastje, cheque, etage’)
palato-alveolar
blade of the tongue articulates with the alveolar ridge, while at the same time the front of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate (RP shore, measure)
Palatal
front of the tongue articulates with the hard palate (AN ‘Anja, franje, eitje, blaadje)
Velar
back of the tongue articulates with the soft palate. (RP key)
Uvular
the uvula articulates with the back of the tongue (AN harde G)
Glottal
vocal cords articulate with each other as for [h] (how) or for whispered vowels + glottal stop as in an emphatic pronunciation (AN ‘au!’)
obstruents
consonants produced with some form of obstruction
sonorants
consonants produced using a free escape of airstream through the oral or nasal cavity
plosives
obstruents created by a complete closure at some point in the vocal tract (also called stops)
(AN ‘paal, taal, kaal, baal / RP again, skin)
fricatives
obstruents formed by narrowing the vocal tract to a degree that friction is produced (AN vis, oog, chef / RP thin, nothing, vision, decision)
affricates
begin like plosives and end like fricatives (Duits = Zeit / RP Roger)
nasals
nasal escape of the airstream by which they are characterised. soft palate is lowered and the oral cavity is blocked completely at some point (AN ‘om, non, eng, bonje’ / RP meaning)
approximants
drawing together of the articulators which gives rise to a light or near-contact, airstream being so weak that no friction is produced. (AN ‘ajuin, Ajax’ / RP hurry, mirror)
[l] (AN ‘olie’) = lateral; airstream is partly blocked by tongue but allowed to escape via both sides.
roll
flexible organ such as uvula or tip of the tongue vibrates against a firmer surface. (AN ‘rennen!’)
flap
when only a single tap is made as opposed to a series. (RP Arrow / AN ‘serie’)
assimilation
when a consonant adopts certain features of pronunciation from a neighbouring consonant.
