Theory Flashcards
UN Division of Regions
Northern America, Central America, South America, Caribbean, Nothern Africa, Western Africa, Middle Africa, Eastern Africa, Southern Africa, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Northern Europe, Central Asia, Eastern Asia, Southern Asia, Southeastern Asia, Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia, Australia and New Zealand
defs of refions can be sensistive and are always subject to change
Regionalism
The world is made up of a mosiac of diverse regions and compelx foregin policy is needed to deal with different regions
effects of regionalism are eroding the Westphalian system
All regions are not =
Importance of regional identity destabilizes states with regional minorities (Basques and Catalonia).
L. Friedberg thinks that the dominant trend in world politics today is toward regionalization rather than globalization, toward fragmentation rather than unification. The weakening of the liberal economic order
Regionalism in the bipolar CW, unipolar post-CW era, and under multipolarity
Globalism
the whole world is a conflict zone
ideology supersedes regional complexity and regional variation is 2ndary
all regions are =
Geogrpahy no longer matters: fight global threats (communism/ terrorism everywhere) FALSE
End of Globalization
Feb 24th 2022 Strategic Shock and COVID
Global paradigm: economically deivided world will follow an already politically divided world: will econ integration survive political disintegration?
Strategic environment: militarizstion of territoriality.
Geopolitical approach: block division, de-globalization (econ blocks not autarky), defense aspect territoriality, return to the Cold War.
Economics: end of rapid liberalization and integration, shift in priorities security 1st approch, COVID, resources, raw materials, protections of critical infrastructure)
Types of Regionalism
Defenesive regionalism, Integrative regionalism, Autonomous regionalism
The Order of States
1st-Order Powers = major/superpowers
2nd-Order Powers = regional, tried to influence affairs inthe region by application of mil or econ strength
3rd-Order States = unique ideological or cultureal capacities to influence neighbors.
4th-Order States = incapable of applying pressure to neighbors
5th-Order States = depend on outside assistance for survival
Regional powers (high) = Brazil, Canada, Turkey, Australia, Iran, South Africa, Nigeria
Regional powers (med) = S Korea, Indonesia, Vietnam, Israel, Mexico, Pakistan, Egypt, Pakistan, Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan
Regional powers (low): Algeria, Thailand
Intrastate region
Typical or specific political culture which is disitincitive from the rest of the state
typical for separatist tendencies
Quebec, Biafra, Katanga, Tibet, PMR, Saarlands, East Timor, Sikkim, South Mollucas
Border Region
A region that borders the region of another state
Might increase the chances doe independence
Ogaden (Somalia/Ethiopia) - major conflict in the 70s
Hatay (Turkey/Syria) - epicenter of regional confrontation btw the collective west (southernmost region of Turkey used to Syria - very peripheral)
Crimea (Ukraine/Russia)
Kosovo (Serbia/Albania)
3-Dimensional Distribution of Power (Chess Game)
Top board- Mil power among states (power is unipolar NATO)
Middle board- Econ power among states (power is multipolar USvChina
Bottom board- transnational relations (cross borders outside of the control of govs)
Joseph S. Nye
2 Types of Power
Military power and Economic power
military power - key, most important aspect of power, allows the state to max their influence and security.
economic power - includes terrirotial, industrial, and demographic potential of a state and serves as a basis and a tool of creating military
High Geopolitics
Theoretical and practical
theoretical+practical
Strategies, general Qs of the world order, structure of IR
Leaders, academics, adn journalists dealing with IR
Low Geopolitics
Set of geopolitical concepts
media, advertising, world geopolitical visition, tool of state building)
Principles and orientations of foreign policy, potential allies, external threats, symbols, and images
Geopolitical agents
can be STATES, corportations, NGOs, political parties, organized labor, protest groups
Flynt
Geopolitical Paradigm
A general world perspective / global vision
bigger than foreign policy
huntington civilization model, NMAT,
USA with freedom
Geopolitical Code
A set of strategic assumptions of the goverenment about states in making foreign policy
Idealist - What is the rigth thing to do?
the spatial expression of geopolitical effort
1940s - consensus on containment strateft
US 90s geopolitics makerd by indecisions and uncertiany (think intervention in Somalia - ethically driven foreign policy that ended in disaster)
The end of the Cold War hasn’t clarified the US role in world politics
Geopolitical Policy
promotion of US principles
democracy and market economy
Geopolitical System
Agents act w/in structures contraining or facilitating their possible actions
The geopolitical system defines what is permissible and expected
In each sytem you have a set of rules that partially determine what can/can’t be done: formal rules as in legally enforceable rules and norms as in culturally accepted practice.
Geographical Setting
2 major physical/human geographical settings: Maritime and Continental
each country can be sorted into one of these 2 categories
Maritime: exposed to the open sea (much trade, diveristy of peoples, immigration, moderate climates)
Continental: distant to popen sea (continental climates, lack of contact with other parts of the world, continental trade)
Geopolitical Patterns
Shape, Size, Physical/Human characteristics of the geopolitical units
Shape: you want it fairly circular with the capital center
Size: big for strategic depth
Geopolitical Features
Political capital, boundaries, historic and nuclear core (origins of state), Ecumenes (greatest concentration of population and econ activity, ENT (effective antional territory / resource base), Empty areas
Geopolitical Realm
3 Geostrategic realms
1. the Atlantic and Pacific Trade-Dependent Maritime Realms (USA dom)
2. the Eurasian Continental Russian Heartland (Russian dom)
3. Mixed Continental-Matitime East Asia (China dom)
macrolevel of analysis
Potentially an independent Indian South Asian realm.
Post-1945 (post WWII equilibrium w/ world in 2 geostratefic realms controlled by superpowers. Heartland boundary pushed westward to the Elbe.
Gateway Region/State
A distinct politically and culturally region that has favorable access to the outside wolrd (by land or by sea)
ex.) Djibouti in horn of africa
ex.) singapore in the South east asia
can be seen as a safe haven (ex.) the Levant is where people run away to from the middle east to the medittereian
High edu often serpate languages ans regions
favorable access to other regions by land or sea
eastern europe could be a gateway away form russian heart land to western europe (instead of a shatterbetl)
Played a significant role post wwii
Shatterbelts
large area, strategically important for its resources, much power competition for it
Cohen and Mahan
Geostrategic importance to great powers.
Not all areas in turmoil are shatterbelts.
SubSaharan Africa was a shatterbelt in the 70s (Cold War comp. btw USSR and US - USSR in Mali, Congos, Mozambique, Libya trying to penerate the US held MENA rimland). Turned into a compression zone in the 90s.
Central/eastern europe is a shatterbelt.
The carribean is not a shatterbelt.
Middle East is a shetterbelt (50s-)
Zone of Compression
smaller than a shatterbelt and is more likely to be stabilized by intra-regional agents
Baltics, Bel/Ukr, Bul/Rom, Caucasus, Central Asia, Mongolia
Small area caught btw geopolitical regions torn apart by combo of civil war and the interventions of neighboting coutnries.
btw heartland (Russia) and martime Realm (USA)
ex.) Carribean from Venezuela to Cuba
Crush Zone
Smaller buffer states in Northern, Easterm Europe and Balkans, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Siam, Korea
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New Regionalism
Bottom-Up Approach
actors from all spheres - Challenges the Westphalian system
To address comprehensive objectives: politics, economics, culture, security, trade.
Infromal character and creation from below state actors.
Key roles in dismantiling the Westphalian world order by decreasing the importance of borders and destablizing states with strong historical regions.
POST COLD WAR AREANA
Old Regionalism
Top-down approach
20-30yrs postWWII period of shallow integration
connected to RTA’s regional trade agreements
Hegemonic Regionalism
Think Cold War, dividing the world into the spheres of influence of the USSR and US
Economic Regionalism
Inspired by the creation and success of the EC
EU is another example (developed in 2 waves: 1950-70 with EEC, EFTA, CMEA & 1985 onwards
Levels of economic regionalism
- Free trade area
- Customs Union
- Common Market
- Common Market (extended)
- Economic and Monetary Union)
- Complete Economic Integration
- Free trade area - No tariffs and quotas w.in group
- Customs Union - Common tarrifs, Supressing discrimination fro CU-members in product markets
- Common Market - No restirction on factor movements + no invisible barriers for trade (positive integration)
- Common Market (extended) - Service secotr included, all invisible barriers removed
- Economic and Monetary Union - A coomon market with some degree of harmonization of econ policy + common currency system
- Complete Economic Integration - Unification of monetary, fiscal, social policies
First Wave of Regionalism
1945-65 3 main types of regional institutions emerged:
1. Multipurpose
2. Regional Security Alliance
3. Economic Institiution
developing countires using institutions to promote decolonization
Mutipurpose: League of Arab States (LAS), the Organization of American States (OAS)
Regional Security Alliances: NATO, the Warsaw Pact, the Rio Pact, SEATO
Econcomic Institutions: European Community, PAFTA< LAFTA
Second Wave of Regionalism
1965-85 mostly subregional in scope
many constructed with a particular local threat in mind
Non-alignment Movemener: India, Ghana, Egypt, Indonesia, Yugoslavia (formally not alligned with or agaisnt any power bloc)
OIC, ASEAN, ECOWAS, SADCC, CARICOM, SAARC, AMU, GGC
Third Wave of Regionalism
1985-onwards, increased emphasis on subregional co-operation
revival of older regional bodies
proliferation of new regional groupings
new institutions formed in the Asia-Pacific region
MERCOSUR
CIS
SCO
Levels of Organization: Geographical aspect
- Universal
- Global
- Inter-regional
- Regional
- Sub-regional
- Universal - all recognized states (UN)
- Global - states on all continents (League of Nations, WTO)
- Inter-regional - members on multiple continents (NATO, BRICS, OPEC)
- Regional - should include all countries from the region (EU, AU, OAS)
- Sub-regional
Levels of organization: Functional aspects
- Political (NATO)
- Economic (EU)
- Military (MFO)
- Religious
- Cultural (francofonie)
No interregional security coordination in Asia (trend towards bandwagoning with extraregional hegemons).
The Middle East has very dynamic, complex defense pact
NATO is the strongest military alliance ever.
Different defense formats of regional organizations
- Policy driven (CEDC)
- Geographical (NORDEFCO, JEF)
- Operational (TTF)
- Capability Developments (EDF)
- Ad Hoc (UDCG, C-ISIL)
Inter-Regional Organizations
Organzation of American States, African Union, League of Arab States, Organization of Islamic Conference, NATO, Council of Europe, MERCOSUR, CEFTA, BENELUX, South African Development Community, Visegard
Security Alliance
Correlated with the Cold War system and the superpowers consolidating their spheres of influence -> a blow to multilateralims (1950s)
1 of the 3 main types of regional institutions of the 1st wave
NATO and Warsaw pact regarded as the successes
the Rio Pact, SEATO, CENTO, ANSUZ
Institutions w/ an Economic Focus
mostly in Europe
1 of the 3 main types of regional institutions of the 1st wave
led to the creation of the European Community (EC) in ‘58
NAFTA, PAFTA, LAFTA in the 1960s
In the Cold War period, multilateral institutions empowered and enconsciosly legitimized regionalism
Multipurpose Institutions
UN endorsed the principle of regional partnership from the beginning
Regarded as a failure
1 of the 3 main types of regional institutions of the 1st wave
League of Arab States (LAS)
Organization of American States (OAS)
Organization of African Unity (OAU)
Major cores of the globalized trading system
US, EU, Japan, China
Secondary cores of the globalized trading system
South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Turkey, Iran, South Africa
5 Orders of the State Systems
1- Major Powers
2- Regional Powers
Levels 3-5: states who reach is limited to parts of their region only
- Major Powers: All have global reach and are the cores of the 3 geostrategic realsm (US, EU, Japan, Russia, China)
- Regional Powers: have reach over much of their gropolitical regions and other parts of the world in specialized ways.
- Compete with neighboring regional powers on ideology and politics. Specialized resource base. Lack pop/mil/econ capacity. Depend on more powerful patrons for support. (Ethiopia, Cuba, Ukraine, Angola, Chile, Argentina, Colombia, North Korea, Malaysia, Qatar)
- Have impact only on their nearest neighbors (Sudan, Ecuador, Zambia, Morocco, and Tunisia)
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