Theories/Theorists

Question 1

Theory that says development can best be described as a dynamic system, with structures and behaviors emerging over time as a result of the continuous and reciprocal bidirectional interactions between the child and all levels of life

Answer 1

Developmental Systems Theory

Question 2

Which theorist and his theory inspired future developmentalists?

Answer 2

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

Question 3

Which theorists believed that development was continuous

Answer 3

behaviorists, information-processing, Vgotsky

Question 4

Which theorists believed that development was discontinuous and occurred in occasional large shifts?

Answer 4

Stage theorists: Piaget, Freud, Erikson, Kohlberg

Question 5

Set of overlapping ecological systems that operate together to influence what a person becomes as they grow older

Answer 5

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Model

Question 6

The child is an apprentice, learning through sensitive social interactions with more skilled peers and adults; scaffolding; guided participation

Answer 6

Vgotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

Question 7

Piaget’s stage of cognitive development (0-2) where child understands world through senses and actions

Answer 7

Sensorimotor stage

Question 8

Piaget’s stage where the development of object permanence

Answer 8

Sensorimotor stage

Question 9

According to this theory, this theorist believed that children construct their environment, kids are “little scientists”

Answer 9

Piaget’s Stage Theory/ The constructivist approach

Question 10

Erikson’s Psychosocial stages of development from birth to 3 years (two stages)

Answer 10

trust v. mistrust
autonomy v. shame/doubt

Question 11

Erikson’s Psychosocial stage that asks “can I trust the people around me?” What is an important event during this stage?

Answer 11

trust v. mistrust
feeding

Question 12

Erikson’s psychosocial stage that asks ““Can I do things myself or am I reliant on the help of others?” What is an important event during this stage?

Answer 12

autonomy v. shame/doubt
potty training

Question 13

Freud’s psychosexual theory stages during infancy/toddlerhood

Answer 13

oral
anal

Question 14

Stage of what theory that says the infant’s primary source of interaction occurs through the mouth and the child also develops a sense of trust and comfort through this oral stimulation.

Answer 14

Freud’s psychosexual oral stage

Question 15

Stage of what theory that says the the primary focus of the libido was on controlling bladder and bowel movements. The major conflict at this stage is toilet training—the child has to learn to control their bodily needs. Developing this control leads to a sense of accomplishment and independence.

Answer 15

Freud’s psychosexual anal stage

Question 16

His theories seek to tell WHAT changes occur at each stage

Answer 16

Piaget’s

Question 17

What does Piaget’s balance scale measure?

Answer 17

The balance scale problem is an excellent way to analyze a child’s ability to use logical reasoning because it tests whether he can predict the outcome accurately while also offering researchers an opportunity to observe the explanation that the child uses to justify his prediction.

Question 18

Gradual changes with age in small increments

Answer 18

Continuous development

Question 19

Occasionally large shifts in development

Answer 19

Discontinuous development

Question 20

3-way interaction between environment, genes, development

Answer 20

Fundamental developmental relations

Question 21

Natural selection is a mechanism of

Answer 21

Evolution

Question 22

This theorist believed that children are active agents in their developmental trajectories

Answer 22

Piaget

Question 23

Believed that children construct their environment

Answer 23

Piaget

Question 24

Erik eriksons psychosocial theory stages at ages 0-3

Answer 24

Trust vs. mistrust
Autonomy vs. shame/doubt

Question 25

In this theory, each individual goes through some sort of “crisis”

Answer 25

Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development

Question 26

Key figure in the trust v. Mistrust stage

Answer 26

Mother

Question 27

Neglect or lack of socialization in the first months of a child’s life can affect their ability to develop

Answer 27

Language Communication Emotion regulation

Question 28

In this stage of development, if the parents allow the child to explore they will develop a sense of ______

Answer 28

Autonomy vs. shame Autonomy

Question 29

Third stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development

Answer 29

Initiative vs guilt

Question 30

If a child is praised for asserting themselves during this stage, they will continue the behaviors and will have accomplished the developmental task of ____\

Answer 30

Initiative

Question 31

If punished for taking initiative, the child will develop ______

Answer 31

A sense of guilt

Question 32

At this stage, children begin to learn that they are different from the people around them, and begin to start comparing themselves to others

Answer 32

Industry vs. inferiority

Question 33

This theory focuses on the child understanding themselves and their place in the world

Answer 33

Erikson’s psychosocial development theory

Question 34

The child is an apprentice, learning through social interactions with mor skilled peers and adults

Answer 34

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

Question 35

Incorporating new information into an existing schema

Answer 35

Assimilation

Question 36

Adjusting what we already know or forming new categories of information

Answer 36

Accommodation

Question 37

processes underlying development

Answer 37

biological, cognitive, socioemotional

Question 38

benefits of studying development

Answer 38

understand human nature, hold realistic expectations for others, gain insight into yourself, guide social policy decisions

Question 39

Interaction of ______ and _________ determines what and when changes occur

Answer 39

genome, environment

Question 40

mechanisms of change

Answer 40

experiences, brain structures, brain activity, genes

Question 41

____ ______ is a mechanism of evolution

Answer 41

natural selection

Question 42

how environmental influences—children’s experiences—actually affect the expression of their genes.

Answer 42

epigenetics

Question 43

Genetic mechanism of change

Answer 43

Natural selection

Question 44

mechanism that plays a critical role in shaping cognitive and behavioral developmental processes across childhood

Answer 44

neural plasticity

Question 45

mechanism of change: Kids learn by building connections between brain cells called

Answer 45

neural pathways

Question 46

a series of connected neurons that send signals from one part of the brain to another.

Answer 46

neural pathway

Question 47

Neurons come in three main types:

Answer 47

motor neurons that control muscles; sensory neurons that are stimulated by our senses; and inter-neurons that connect neurons together.

Question 48

mechanisms of change in cognitive development put forth by Piaget

Answer 48

assimilation and accommodation

Question 49

During this earliest stage of cognitive development, infants and toddlers acquire knowledge through sensory experiences and manipulating objects.

Answer 49

sensorimotor stage

Question 50

A child's entire experience at the earliest period of this stage occurs through basic reflexes, senses, and motor responses.

Answer 50

sensorimotor stage

Question 51

Learn that things continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, this occurs during which stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory?

Answer 51

object permanence sensorimotor stage

Question 52

Early representational thought emerges during the final part of the

Answer 52

sensorimotor stage

Question 53

the emergence of language is one of the major hallmarks of the

Answer 53

preoperational stage

Question 54

Begin to think symbolically and learn to use words and pictures to represent objects during this cognitive stage

Answer 54

preoperational

Question 55

Tend to be egocentric and struggle to see things from the perspective of others during this cognitive stage

Answer 55

preoperational

Question 56

At this stage, kids learn through pretend play but still struggle with logic and taking the point of view of other people. They also often struggle with understanding the idea of constancy.

Answer 56

preoperational stage

Question 57

a researcher might take a lump of clay, divide it into two equal pieces, and then give a child the choice between two pieces of clay to play with. One piece of clay is rolled into a compact ball while the other is smashed into a flat pancake shape. Because the flat shape looks larger, the _________ child will likely choose that piece, even though the two pieces are exactly the same size

Answer 57

preoperational

Question 58

children are still very concrete and literal in their thinking at this point in development, they become much more adept at using logic

Answer 58

concrete operational stage

Question 59

at this stage of cognitive development, children begin to think logically about concrete events

Answer 59

concrete operational

Question 60

Begin using inductive logic, or reasoning from specific information to a general principle at this stage

Answer 60

concrete operational

Question 61

Kids at this point in development tend to struggle with abstract and hypothetical concepts.

Answer 61

concrete operational

Question 62

During this stage, children also become less egocentric and begin to think about how other people might think and feel. Kids in the ____________ stage also begin to understand that their thoughts are unique to them and that not everyone else necessarily shares their thoughts, feelings, and opinions.

Answer 62

concrete operational

Question 63

The final stage of Piaget's theory involves an increase in logic, the ability to use deductive reasoning, and an understanding of abstract ideas

Answer 63

formal operational stage

Question 64

was interested in how social interaction and relationships played a role in the development and growth of human beings.

Answer 64

Erikson, psychosocial development theory

Question 65

In each stage of this theory, the theorist believed people experience a conflict that serves as a turning point in development.2

Answer 65

Erikson's psychosocial development theory

Question 66

first stage of psychologist Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. This stage begins at birth and lasts until a child is around 18 months old.

Answer 66

trust v. mistrust

Question 67

According to Erikson, this is the most important period of a child's life, as it shapes their view of the world as well as their overall personality.

Answer 67

stage 1, trust v. mistrust

Question 68

This first stage of psychosocial development consists of: Psychosocial Conflict: Major Question: Basic Virtue: Important Event:

Answer 68

Trust vs. mistrust "Can I trust the people around me?" Hope Feeding

Question 69

Erikson believed that early patterns of ______ influence a child's social and emotional development. If a child successfully develops ______, they will feel safe and secure in the world.

Answer 69

trust, trust

Question 70

the second stage of Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development.

Answer 70

autonomy v. shame/doubt

Question 71

the second stage of Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development.

Answer 71

autonomy v. shame/doubt

Question 72

According to Erikson, children at this stage are focused on developing a greater sense of self-control.

Answer 72

autonomy v. shame/doubt

Question 73

The second stage of psychosocial development consists of: Psychosocial Conflict: Major Question: Basic Virtue: Important Event(s):

Answer 73

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt "Can I do things myself or am I reliant on the help of others?" Will Toilet training

Question 74

the third stage of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development.

Answer 74

initiative v.guilt

Question 75

During the ______________ stage, children begin to assert their power and control over the world through directing play and other social interactions

Answer 75

initiative versus guilt

Question 76

major events that take place at 3rd stage of psychosocial development: Psychosocial Conflict: Major Question: Basic Virtue: Important Event(s):

Answer 76

Initiative vs. guilt “Am I good or bad?” Purpose Exploration, play

Question 77

during this stage of Erikson's psychosocial development, The child begins to learn that they can exert power over themselves and the world.

Answer 77

initiative v. guilt

Question 78

Kids who develop ______ are eager to try new activities and experiences without excessive fear of failure

Answer 78

initiative

Question 79

At Erikson's third stage, ______ leads to a sense of purpose and can help develop leadership skills; failure results in _____

Answer 79

initiative; guilt

Question 80

the fourth stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development,

Answer 80

industry v. inferiority

Question 81

When children productively navigate this stage, they feel useful and develop a sense of self-worth.

Answer 81

industry v. inferiority

Question 82

Major events during 4th stage of Erikson's psychosocial development: Psychosocial Conflict: Major Question: Basic Virtue: Important Event(s):

Answer 82

Industry vs. Inferiority "How can I be good?" Competence School

Question 83

During this stage of Erikson's psychosocial development, a child is learning various emotional and social skills.

Answer 83

industry v. inferiority

Question 84

Friends and classmates play a role in how children progress through the __________stage

Answer 84

industry versus inferiority

Question 85

Through proficiency at play and schoolwork, children are able to develop a sense of competence and pride in their abilities. By feeling competent and capable, children are able to also form a strong __________.

Answer 85

self-concept

Question 86

refers to the view that development changes can be divided clearly into unique stages. These stages cannot be skipped, and proceeding through them one by one is generally understood as necessary for individuals.

Answer 86

Discontinuous development, stage theorists

Question 87

emphasizes that development and changes in individuals occur gradually

Answer 87

continuous development

Question 88

a _____ is a distinct period of development characterized by qualitative changes in thinking, feeling, and behaving

Answer 88

stage

Question 89

Name an example of discontinuous development

Answer 89

As young children begin to represent their world through language and make-believe play, they are entering a new stage of development