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Infant and Child Final > Theories/Theorists > Flashcards

Theories/Theorists Flashcards

1
Q

Theory that says development can best be described as a dynamic system, with structures and behaviors emerging over time as a result of the continuous and reciprocal bidirectional interactions between the child and all levels of life

A

Developmental Systems Theory

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2
Q

Which theorist and his theory inspired future developmentalists?

A

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

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3
Q

Which theorists believed that development was continuous

A

behaviorists, information-processing, Vgotsky

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4
Q

Which theorists believed that development was discontinuous and occurred in occasional large shifts?

A

Stage theorists: Piaget, Freud, Erikson, Kohlberg

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5
Q

Set of overlapping ecological systems that operate together to influence what a person becomes as they grow older

A

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Model

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6
Q

The child is an apprentice, learning through sensitive social interactions with more skilled peers and adults; scaffolding; guided participation

A

Vgotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

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7
Q

Piaget’s stage of cognitive development (0-2) where child understands world through senses and actions

A

Sensorimotor stage

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8
Q

Piaget’s stage where the development of object permanence

A

Sensorimotor stage

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9
Q

According to this theory, this theorist believed that children construct their environment, kids are “little scientists”

A

Piaget’s Stage Theory/ The constructivist approach

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10
Q

Erikson’s Psychosocial stages of development from birth to 3 years (two stages)

A

trust v. mistrust
autonomy v. shame/doubt

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11
Q

Erikson’s Psychosocial stage that asks “can I trust the people around me?” What is an important event during this stage?

A

trust v. mistrust
feeding

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12
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial stage that asks ““Can I do things myself or am I reliant on the help of others?” What is an important event during this stage?

A

autonomy v. shame/doubt
potty training

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13
Q

Freud’s psychosexual theory stages during infancy/toddlerhood

A

oral
anal

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14
Q

Stage of what theory that says the infant’s primary source of interaction occurs through the mouth and the child also develops a sense of trust and comfort through this oral stimulation.

A

Freud’s psychosexual oral stage

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15
Q

Stage of what theory that says the the primary focus of the libido was on controlling bladder and bowel movements. The major conflict at this stage is toilet training—the child has to learn to control their bodily needs. Developing this control leads to a sense of accomplishment and independence.

A

Freud’s psychosexual anal stage

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16
Q

His theories seek to tell WHAT changes occur at each stage

A

Piaget’s

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17
Q

What does Piaget’s balance scale measure?

A

The balance scale problem is an excellent way to analyze a child’s ability to use logical reasoning because it tests whether he can predict the outcome accurately while also offering researchers an opportunity to observe the explanation that the child uses to justify his prediction.

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18
Q

Gradual changes with age in small increments

A

Continuous development

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19
Q

Occasionally large shifts in development

A

Discontinuous development

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20
Q

3-way interaction between environment, genes, development

A

Fundamental developmental relations

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21
Q

Natural selection is a mechanism of

A

Evolution

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22
Q

This theorist believed that children are active agents in their developmental trajectories

A

Piaget

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23
Q

Believed that children construct their environment

A

Piaget

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24
Q

Erik eriksons psychosocial theory stages at ages 0-3

A

Trust vs. mistrust
Autonomy vs. shame/doubt

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25
Q

In this theory, each individual goes through some sort of “crisis”

A

Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development

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26
Q

Key figure in the trust v. Mistrust stage

A

Mother

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27
Q

Neglect or lack of socialization in the first months of a child’s life can affect their ability to develop

A

Language
Communication
Emotion regulation

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28
Q

In this stage of development, if the parents allow the child to explore they will develop a sense of ______

A

Autonomy vs. shame
Autonomy

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29
Q

Third stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development

A

Initiative vs guilt

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30
Q

If a child is praised for asserting themselves during this stage, they will continue the behaviors and will have accomplished the developmental task of ____\

A

Initiative

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31
Q

If punished for taking initiative, the child will develop ______

A

A sense of guilt

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32
Q

At this stage, children begin to learn that they are different from the people around them, and begin to start comparing themselves to others

A

Industry vs. inferiority

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33
Q

This theory focuses on the child understanding themselves and their place in the world

A

Erikson’s psychosocial development theory

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34
Q

The child is an apprentice, learning through social interactions with mor skilled peers and adults

A

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

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35
Q

Incorporating new information into an existing schema

A

Assimilation

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36
Q

Adjusting what we already know or forming new categories of information

A

Accommodation

37
Q

processes underlying development

A

biological, cognitive, socioemotional

38
Q

benefits of studying development

A

understand human nature, hold realistic expectations for others, gain insight into yourself, guide social policy decisions

39
Q

Interaction of ______ and _________ determines what and
when changes occur

A

genome, environment

40
Q

mechanisms of change

A

experiences, brain structures, brain activity, genes

41
Q

____ ______ is a mechanism of evolution

A

natural selection

42
Q

how environmental
influences—children’s
experiences—actually
affect the expression of
their genes.

A

epigenetics

43
Q

Genetic mechanism of change

A

Natural selection

44
Q

mechanism that plays a critical role in shaping cognitive and behavioral developmental processes across childhood

A

neural plasticity

45
Q

mechanism of change:
Kids learn by building connections between brain cells called

A

neural pathways

46
Q

a series of connected neurons that send signals from one part of the brain to another.

A

neural pathway

47
Q

Neurons come in three main types:

A

motor neurons that control muscles; sensory neurons that are stimulated by our senses; and inter-neurons that connect neurons together.

48
Q

mechanisms of change in cognitive development put forth by Piaget

A

assimilation and accommodation

49
Q

During this earliest stage of cognitive development, infants and toddlers acquire knowledge through sensory experiences and manipulating objects.

A

sensorimotor stage

50
Q

A child’s entire experience at the earliest period of this stage occurs through basic reflexes, senses, and motor responses.

A

sensorimotor stage

51
Q

Learn that things continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, this occurs during which stage of Piaget’s cognitive development theory?

A

object permanence
sensorimotor stage

52
Q

Early representational thought emerges during the final part of the

A

sensorimotor stage

53
Q

the emergence of language is one of the major hallmarks of the

A

preoperational stage

54
Q

Begin to think symbolically and learn to use words and pictures to represent objects during this cognitive stage

A

preoperational

55
Q

Tend to be egocentric and struggle to see things from the perspective of others during this cognitive stage

A

preoperational

56
Q

At this stage, kids learn through pretend play but still struggle with logic and taking the point of view of other people. They also often struggle with understanding the idea of constancy.

A

preoperational stage

57
Q

a researcher might take a lump of clay, divide it into two equal pieces, and then give a child the choice between two pieces of clay to play with. One piece of clay is rolled into a compact ball while the other is smashed into a flat pancake shape. Because the flat shape looks larger, the _________ child will likely choose that piece, even though the two pieces are exactly the same size

A

preoperational

58
Q

children are still very concrete and literal in their thinking at this point in development, they become much more adept at using logic

A

concrete operational stage

59
Q

at this stage of cognitive development, children begin to think logically about concrete events

A

concrete operational

60
Q

Begin using inductive logic, or reasoning from specific information to a general principle at this stage

A

concrete operational

61
Q

Kids at this point in development tend to struggle with abstract and hypothetical concepts.

A

concrete operational

62
Q

During this stage, children also become less egocentric and begin to think about how other people might think and feel. Kids in the ____________ stage also begin to understand that their thoughts are unique to them and that not everyone else necessarily shares their thoughts, feelings, and opinions.

A

concrete operational

63
Q

The final stage of Piaget’s theory involves an increase in logic, the ability to use deductive reasoning, and an understanding of abstract ideas

A

formal operational stage

64
Q

was interested in how social interaction and relationships played a role in the development and growth of human beings.

A

Erikson, psychosocial development theory

65
Q

In each stage of this theory, the theorist believed people experience a conflict that serves as a turning point in development.2

A

Erikson’s psychosocial development theory

66
Q

first stage of psychologist Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. This stage begins at birth and lasts until a child is around 18 months old.

A

trust v. mistrust

67
Q

According to Erikson, this is the most important period of a child’s life, as it shapes their view of the world as well as their overall personality.

A

stage 1, trust v. mistrust

68
Q

This first stage of psychosocial development consists of:
Psychosocial Conflict:
Major Question:
Basic Virtue:
Important Event:

A

Trust vs. mistrust
“Can I trust the people around me?”
Hope
Feeding

69
Q

Erikson believed that early patterns of ______ influence a child’s social and emotional development. If a child successfully develops ______, they will feel safe and secure in the world.

A

trust, trust

70
Q

the second stage of Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development.

A

autonomy v. shame/doubt

71
Q

the second stage of Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development.

A

autonomy v. shame/doubt

72
Q

According to Erikson, children at this stage are focused on developing a greater sense of self-control.

A

autonomy v. shame/doubt

73
Q

The second stage of psychosocial development consists of:
Psychosocial Conflict:
Major Question:
Basic Virtue:
Important Event(s):

A

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
“Can I do things myself or am I reliant on the help of others?”
Will
Toilet training

74
Q

the third stage of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development.

A

initiative v.guilt

75
Q

During the ______________ stage, children begin to assert their power and control over the world through directing play and other social interactions

A

initiative versus guilt

76
Q

major events that take place at 3rd stage of psychosocial development:
Psychosocial Conflict:
Major Question:
Basic Virtue:
Important Event(s):

A

Initiative vs. guilt
“Am I good or bad?”
Purpose
Exploration, play

77
Q

during this stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development, The child begins to learn that they can exert power over themselves and the world.

A

initiative v. guilt

78
Q

Kids who develop ______ are eager to try new activities and experiences without excessive fear of failure

A

initiative

79
Q

At Erikson’s third stage, ______ leads to a sense of purpose and can help develop leadership skills; failure results in _____

A

initiative; guilt

80
Q

the fourth stage of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development,

A

industry v. inferiority

81
Q

When children productively navigate this stage, they feel useful and develop a sense of self-worth.

A

industry v. inferiority

82
Q

Major events during 4th stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development:
Psychosocial Conflict:
Major Question:
Basic Virtue:
Important Event(s):

A

Industry vs. Inferiority
“How can I be good?”
Competence
School

83
Q

During this stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development, a child is learning various emotional and social skills.

A

industry v. inferiority

84
Q

Friends and classmates play a role in how children progress through the __________stage

A

industry versus inferiority

85
Q

Through proficiency at play and schoolwork, children are able to develop a sense of competence and pride in their abilities. By feeling competent and capable, children are able to also form a strong __________.

A

self-concept

86
Q

refers to the view that development changes can be divided clearly into unique stages. These stages cannot be skipped, and proceeding through them one by one is generally understood as necessary for individuals.

A

Discontinuous development, stage theorists

87
Q

emphasizes that development and changes in individuals occur gradually

A

continuous development

88
Q

a _____ is a distinct period of development characterized by qualitative changes in thinking, feeling, and behaving

A

stage

89
Q

Name an example of discontinuous development

A

As young children begin to represent their world through language and make-believe play, they are entering a new stage of development

Infant and Child Final (4 decks)

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