Infancy

Question 1

Sum total of all the genes a person inherits

Answer 1

Genotype

Question 2

The features that are actually expressed in a person

Answer 2

Phenotype

Question 3

Child’s phenotype influences their

Answer 3

Environment

Question 4

Child’s environment influences their

Answer 4

Genotypes

Question 5

How environmental influences actually affect the expression of their genes

Answer 5

Epigenetics

Question 6

Maternal effects on prenatal environment

Answer 6

Mothers genes, mothers age, disease, nutrition, mothers emotional state, stress, depression

Question 7

Which period is most critically affected by teratogens

Answer 7

Embryonic

Question 8

form of non-associative learning in which an innate response to a stimulus decreases after repeated or prolonged presentations of that stimulus

Answer 8

Habituation

Question 9

the fast recovery of a response that has undergone habituation, typically as a result of the presentation of a novel, strong or sometimes noxious stimulus.

Answer 9

Dishabituation

Question 10

How our brains make use of information that has already been brought into the brain by one or more of the sensory systems

Answer 10

Top-down processing

Question 11

When the environment (stimuli) influence our thinking

Answer 11

Bottom-up processing

Question 12

When our thinking influences how we see, understand, or perceive the environment

Answer 12

Top-down processing

Question 13

Piaget’s object permanence starts to develop around what age and what stage

Answer 13

8 months, sensorimotor stage

Question 14

Infant habituation patterns are predictive of

Answer 14

Cognitive skills

Question 15

Types of learning: picking up information from the environment and detecting statistically predictable patterns

Answer 15

Statistical learning

Question 16

Types of learning: if I smile, you smile

Answer 16

Statistical learning

Question 17

Types of learning: ability to use prior experiences to predict what will occur in the future

Answer 17

Rational learning

Question 18

Types of learning: learning by acting on the world rather than passively observing it

Answer 18

Active learning

Question 19

Involves forming an association between two stimuli, resulting in a learned response

Answer 19

Classical conditioning

Question 20

Unconditioned stimulus (food), unconditioned response
Neutral stimulus (bell), no response
During conditioning: associating the neutral stimulus(bell) with the unconditioned stimulus(food), the unconditioned response is salivating. After conditioning, the bell alone will produce salivating.

Answer 20

Classical conditioning

Question 21

This type of conditioning involves reinforcement and punishment

Answer 21

Operant conditioning

Question 22

In operant conditioning, this increases the behavior

Answer 22

Reinforcement

Question 23

In operant conditioning, this decreases the behavior

Answer 23

Punishment

Question 24

When something pleasant or rewarding is given after a specific behavior

Answer 24

Positive reinforcement

Question 25

An attempt to increase a specific behavior by subtracting something

Answer 25

Negative reinforcement

Question 26

Adding something to decrease behavior

Answer 26

Positive punishment

Question 27

Subtracting something to decrease behavior

Answer 27

Negative punishment

Question 28

During piaget’s premoral period (<5), children have ____ or ____ of rules

Answer 28

Little concern, awareness

Question 29

Obedience and punishment orientation towards morality

Answer 29

Kohlberg’s pre-conventional morality level 1

Question 30

Foundations of morality are shaped by _____ ______ and learned within ____ ______

Answer 30

Cultural norms, interpersonal relationships

Question 31

_____ is biologically based

Answer 31

Temperament

Question 32

Determinants of temperament

Answer 32

Teratogens Parenting Heritability Gene v. Environment

Question 33

Infants aren’t able to regulate emotions so we have to _____

Answer 33

Coregulate

Question 34

Coordinated, rapid exchange of responses between caregiver and infant, helps to teach infants how to read and express a variety of emotions

Answer 34

Synchrony

Question 35

Sensorimotor stage is characterized by

Answer 35

Observing and engaging with environment through the senses and through motor skills

Question 36

simple but highly adaptable form of learning where there is a Decrease in response to repeated or continued stimulation

Answer 36

habituation

Question 37

type of learning where one individual comes to behave similarly to another

Answer 37

social learning

Question 38

type of learning that occurs by watching others

Answer 38

observational learning

Question 39

this is a form of observational learning

Answer 39

imitation