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Infant and Child Final > Early Childhood > Flashcards

Early Childhood Flashcards

1
Q

In brain development, this is the critical period for synaptogenesis

A

Birth to 1 year

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2
Q

In early brain development there is significant

A

Synapse formation

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3
Q

This allows for the speedy transfer of information

A

Myelin sheath around the axon

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4
Q

____ speaks to the dendrites

A

Axon

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5
Q

The communication inside the neuron is ____ and the communication between the neurons is ______

A

Electrical, chemical

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6
Q

Formation of a mature cell

A

Synaptogenesis

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7
Q

Use it or lose it principle

A

Synaptic pruning strengthens important connections

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8
Q

The brains capacity to be shaped or altered by experience

A

Plasticity

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9
Q

Changes in the brain are reflected in ___ development

A

Cognitive

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10
Q

There is significant development in the prefrontal cortex during early childhood which is reflected in the child’s ability to _____,_______, and _____ _____

A

Think, strategize, control emotion

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11
Q

This part of the brain has a lot of neurogenesis for the birth of new memories

A

Hippocampus

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12
Q

The rules of language are learnt ____. Learning without intention, with little to no instruction

A

Implicitly

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13
Q

What is required for language development?

A

Hemispheric laterialization (left side)
Early childhood is the sensitive period

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14
Q

Chomsky suggested that children must be ripe for language, but _____ ______ and ____ is important to help them learn language

A

Active participation, scaffolding

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15
Q

The intrinsic mental capacity for language acquisition, all humans are born with the knowledge of what makes a language according to Chomsky

A

Language Acquisition device

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16
Q

During early childhood, children learn to

A

Recognize faces
Find their way through space
Understand cause/effect
Learn language

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17
Q

Learning language is a pivotal milestone during this stage

A

Early childhood

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18
Q

We construct domain specific theories on top of innate knowledge; children construct knowledge

A

Piaget’s constructivism

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19
Q

The ability to think about our mental states and the mental states of others

A

Theory of mind

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20
Q

Skinner believe that children learn from

A

Consequences of behavior (operant conditioning)

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21
Q

This theory states that children learn and develop new behaviors and responses by observation and imitation of those around them

A

Bandura’s social learning theory

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22
Q

Social learning theory: change in behavior by witnessing the consequences of behaviors of others

A

Vicarious reinforcement

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23
Q

Social learning theory: how a child acts is influenced by environment, individual characteristics , and behavior

A

Reciprocal determination

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24
Q

Learning theories are based on

A

Parental socialization
Learning social behaviors
Behavior modification

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25
Q

Children compete for resources from their parents, females invest more resources into offspring than males, explains why some step fathers kill children

A

Parental investment theory

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26
Q

These theorists believed that play is a means for children to develop their intellectual abilities

A

Vygotsky and Piaget

27
Q

This theorist believed that play is a way to release pent-up emotions and deal with emotional situations in a safe environment

A

Freud

28
Q

Type of play where the child is not actively playing but may be watching

A

Unoccupied play

29
Q

Play where child is playing alone

A

Solitary play

30
Q

When a child watches others play without fully engaging

A

Onlooker play

31
Q

Playing alongside one another without direct interaction

A

Parallel play

32
Q

Two or more kids playing with one another but their activities are not fully engaged with one another

A

Associative play

33
Q

Two or more kids are playing together in an activity

A

Cooperative play

34
Q

Piaget’s stages of play

A

Functional play: exploring and learning through physical activity that is repeated
Symbolic play: role-playing
Constructive play: experimenting with things to build, games with rules

35
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial stage during this time (preschool)

A

Initiative vs. guilt

36
Q

If environment for child is where they can explore make decisions and initiate activities they achieved what stage of Erikson’s psychosocial stage

A

Initiative

37
Q

If environment is repressed through criticism and control, the child will develop _______ according to Erikson’s psychosocial theory

A

A sense of guilt

38
Q

Interaction is important during early childhood for the child to develop a

A

Self-concept

39
Q

Our self-concept comes from looking at how others respond to us

A

Looking glass self

40
Q

Involves looking at how others seem to view us and interpreting this as we make judgements about ourselves

A

Looking glass self

41
Q

Social understanding for children grows as they develop

A

Theory of mind

42
Q

_____ gives young children the words to represent those mental states and discuss them with others

A

Language

43
Q

Development of a conscience is influenced by

A

Experience with parents
Temperament

44
Q

In early childhood, according to Piaget, morality is associated with

A

Rules

45
Q

Cooperation on prosocial behavior is driven by

A

Sympathy and a sense of fairness

46
Q

Children develop a moral self by when

A

Late preschool years

47
Q

Temperament interacts with the environment and influence of experience to shape a child’s

A

Personality

48
Q

Personality is made up of features such as

A

Self-concept
Self-efficacy
Motivation to achieve goals
Values
Coping styles
Conscientiousness

49
Q

During early childhood, the self-concept is a ____ _____; exaggerated views of themselves and tend to focus on positive, external self descriptions (3yrs)

A

Categorical self

50
Q

Categories of knowledge

A

Schemas

51
Q

Having the ability to reason using language, imagination, and symbolism while lacking the ability to be concrete in logic

A

Preoperational thought

52
Q

This is important because it plays a role in our social world, predicts behaviors and helps to solve interpersonal conflict

A

Theory of mind

53
Q

The view of the child is the view of everyone

A

Egocentrism

54
Q

_____ is used in order to understand the world during this stage, especially when new information or experiences do not match an existing schema

A

Accommodation

55
Q

Use one object to represent another object (using a remote as a cell phone)

A

Symbolic representation

56
Q

Believed higher levels of cognition cannot be attained without instruction from knowledgeable others

A

vygotsky

57
Q

Early childhood is a crucial time for

A

Memory development

58
Q

Increasing processing speeds are due to ______ in the brain

A

Myelination

59
Q

Children are active problem solvers due to

A

Cognitive flexibility and brain plasticity

60
Q

This type of memory is smaller in young children because they are not able to hold as much information in their consciousness as adults

A

Short-term/working memory

61
Q

Memory plays a role in _____ ______, specifically working memory which is one’s ability to hold information within the mind and use it

A

Executive functioning

62
Q

____ ____ is related to executive function, as it improves children become less impulsive

A

Self-control

63
Q

_____ is difficult for young children as they have a hard time controlling responses

A

Inhibition

64
Q

_____ _____ and inhibition are tied together as they both deal with temperament

A

Emotion regulation

Infant and Child Final (4 decks)

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