Early Childhood

Question 1

In brain development, this is the critical period for synaptogenesis

Answer 1

Birth to 1 year

Question 2

In early brain development there is significant

Answer 2

Synapse formation

Question 3

This allows for the speedy transfer of information

Answer 3

Myelin sheath around the axon

Question 4

____ speaks to the dendrites

Answer 4

Axon

Question 5

The communication inside the neuron is ____ and the communication between the neurons is ______

Answer 5

Electrical, chemical

Question 6

Formation of a mature cell

Answer 6

Synaptogenesis

Question 7

Use it or lose it principle

Answer 7

Synaptic pruning strengthens important connections

Question 8

The brains capacity to be shaped or altered by experience

Answer 8

Plasticity

Question 9

Changes in the brain are reflected in ___ development

Answer 9

Cognitive

Question 10

There is significant development in the prefrontal cortex during early childhood which is reflected in the child’s ability to _____,_______, and _____ _____

Answer 10

Think, strategize, control emotion

Question 11

This part of the brain has a lot of neurogenesis for the birth of new memories

Answer 11

Hippocampus

Question 12

The rules of language are learnt ____. Learning without intention, with little to no instruction

Answer 12

Implicitly

Question 13

What is required for language development?

Answer 13

Hemispheric laterialization (left side)
Early childhood is the sensitive period

Question 14

Chomsky suggested that children must be ripe for language, but _____ ______ and ____ is important to help them learn language

Answer 14

Active participation, scaffolding

Question 15

The intrinsic mental capacity for language acquisition, all humans are born with the knowledge of what makes a language according to Chomsky

Answer 15

Language Acquisition device

Question 16

During early childhood, children learn to

Answer 16

Recognize faces
Find their way through space
Understand cause/effect
Learn language

Question 17

Learning language is a pivotal milestone during this stage

Answer 17

Early childhood

Question 18

We construct domain specific theories on top of innate knowledge; children construct knowledge

Answer 18

Piaget’s constructivism

Question 19

The ability to think about our mental states and the mental states of others

Answer 19

Theory of mind

Question 20

Skinner believe that children learn from

Answer 20

Consequences of behavior (operant conditioning)

Question 21

This theory states that children learn and develop new behaviors and responses by observation and imitation of those around them

Answer 21

Bandura’s social learning theory

Question 22

Social learning theory: change in behavior by witnessing the consequences of behaviors of others

Answer 22

Vicarious reinforcement

Question 23

Social learning theory: how a child acts is influenced by environment, individual characteristics , and behavior

Answer 23

Reciprocal determination

Question 24

Learning theories are based on

Answer 24

Parental socialization
Learning social behaviors
Behavior modification

Question 25

Children compete for resources from their parents, females invest more resources into offspring than males, explains why some step fathers kill children

Answer 25

Parental investment theory

Question 26

These theorists believed that play is a means for children to develop their intellectual abilities

Answer 26

Vygotsky and Piaget

Question 27

This theorist believed that play is a way to release pent-up emotions and deal with emotional situations in a safe environment

Answer 27

Freud

Question 28

Type of play where the child is not actively playing but may be watching

Answer 28

Unoccupied play

Question 29

Play where child is playing alone

Answer 29

Solitary play

Question 30

When a child watches others play without fully engaging

Answer 30

Onlooker play

Question 31

Playing alongside one another without direct interaction

Answer 31

Parallel play

Question 32

Two or more kids playing with one another but their activities are not fully engaged with one another

Answer 32

Associative play

Question 33

Two or more kids are playing together in an activity

Answer 33

Cooperative play

Question 34

Piaget’s stages of play

Answer 34

Functional play: exploring and learning through physical activity that is repeated Symbolic play: role-playing Constructive play: experimenting with things to build, games with rules

Question 35

Erikson’s psychosocial stage during this time (preschool)

Answer 35

Initiative vs. guilt

Question 36

If environment for child is where they can explore make decisions and initiate activities they achieved what stage of Erikson’s psychosocial stage

Answer 36

Initiative

Question 37

If environment is repressed through criticism and control, the child will develop _______ according to Erikson’s psychosocial theory

Answer 37

A sense of guilt

Question 38

Interaction is important during early childhood for the child to develop a

Answer 38

Self-concept

Question 39

Our self-concept comes from looking at how others respond to us

Answer 39

Looking glass self

Question 40

Involves looking at how others seem to view us and interpreting this as we make judgements about ourselves

Answer 40

Looking glass self

Question 41

Social understanding for children grows as they develop

Answer 41

Theory of mind

Question 42

_____ gives young children the words to represent those mental states and discuss them with others

Answer 42

Language

Question 43

Development of a conscience is influenced by

Answer 43

Experience with parents Temperament

Question 44

In early childhood, according to Piaget, morality is associated with

Answer 44

Rules

Question 45

Cooperation on prosocial behavior is driven by

Answer 45

Sympathy and a sense of fairness

Question 46

Children develop a moral self by when

Answer 46

Late preschool years

Question 47

Temperament interacts with the environment and influence of experience to shape a child’s

Answer 47

Personality

Question 48

Personality is made up of features such as

Answer 48

Self-concept Self-efficacy Motivation to achieve goals Values Coping styles Conscientiousness

Question 49

During early childhood, the self-concept is a ____ _____; exaggerated views of themselves and tend to focus on positive, external self descriptions (3yrs)

Answer 49

Categorical self

Question 50

Categories of knowledge

Answer 50

Schemas

Question 51

Having the ability to reason using language, imagination, and symbolism while lacking the ability to be concrete in logic

Answer 51

Preoperational thought

Question 52

This is important because it plays a role in our social world, predicts behaviors and helps to solve interpersonal conflict

Answer 52

Theory of mind

Question 53

The view of the child is the view of everyone

Answer 53

Egocentrism

Question 54

_____ is used in order to understand the world during this stage, especially when new information or experiences do not match an existing schema

Answer 54

Accommodation

Question 55

Use one object to represent another object (using a remote as a cell phone)

Answer 55

Symbolic representation

Question 56

Believed higher levels of cognition cannot be attained without instruction from knowledgeable others

Answer 56

vygotsky

Question 57

Early childhood is a crucial time for

Answer 57

Memory development

Question 58

Increasing processing speeds are due to ______ in the brain

Answer 58

Myelination

Question 59

Children are active problem solvers due to

Answer 59

Cognitive flexibility and brain plasticity

Question 60

This type of memory is smaller in young children because they are not able to hold as much information in their consciousness as adults

Answer 60

Short-term/working memory

Question 61

Memory plays a role in _____ ______, specifically working memory which is one’s ability to hold information within the mind and use it

Answer 61

Executive functioning

Question 62

____ ____ is related to executive function, as it improves children become less impulsive

Answer 62

Self-control

Question 63

_____ is difficult for young children as they have a hard time controlling responses

Answer 63

Inhibition

Question 64

_____ _____ and inhibition are tied together as they both deal with temperament

Answer 64

Emotion regulation