Theories - Student Development

Question 1

Who is Abraham Maslow

Answer 1

“Hierarchy of Needs”

Question 2

What is the “Zone of Proximal Development” by Lev Vygotsky

Answer 2

Vygotsky is credited with the social development theory of learning. he suggested that social interaction influences cognitive developement. “Zone of Proximal Development” suggests that students learn best in a social context in which a more able adult or peer teaches the student something he or she cold not learn on his own or her own. In other words, teachers must determine what a student can do independently and then provide the student with opportunities to learn with the support of an adult or a more capable peer.

Question 3

“Discovery Learning” and “Constructivism”

Answer 3

Jerome Bruner

Question 4

“Stages of Ethic of Care”

Answer 4

Carol Gilligan

Question 5

What is “Constructivism” by Jerome Bruner?

Answer 5

Learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based on knowledge or past experiences. Constructivism emphasizes a student’s ability to solve real-life problems and make new meaning through REFLECTION.

Question 6

Social (or Observational) Learning Theory

Answer 6

Albert Bandura

Question 7

“Hierarchy of Needs”

Answer 7

Abraham Maslow

Question 8

“Follow the child”

Answer 8

Maria Montessori

Question 9

Who is Erik Erikson?

Answer 9

“Eight Stages of Human Development”

Question 10

What is the theory “Follow the child” by Maria Montessori?

Answer 10

Childhood is divided into 4 stages

1. birth - age 2
2. ages 2-5
3. ages 5-6
4. ages 7-12

Adolescence divided into 2 stages

1. ages 12-15
2. ages 16-18

Three stages of the learning process

1. Introduce a concept by lecture, lesson, experience, book read-aloud, etc.
2. Process the information and develop an understanding of the concept through work, experimentation, and creativity
3. “Knowing” which Montessori described as possessing an understanding of something that is demonstrated by the ability to pass a test with confidence, teach the concept to another, or express understanding with ease.

Question 11

Who is Lawrence Kohlberg

Answer 11

“Theory of Moral Development”

Question 12

Who is Jean Piaget

Answer 12

“Stages of Cognitive Developement”

Question 13

Who is Carol Gilligan?

Answer 13

“Stages of Ethic of Care”

Question 14

What is the “Theory of Moral Development” by Lawrence Kohlberg

Answer 14

1. Pre-conventional - Obedience and punishment (Elementary aged - some authority figure’s threat or application of punishment inspires obedience)
2. Pre-conventional - Individualism, instrumentalism, and exchange
3. Conventional - Good boy/good girl (Found in society - seeking to do what will gain the approval of peers or others)
4. Conventional - Law and order (abiding the law and responding to obligations)
5. Post-conventional - Social contract ( rarely achieved - social utuality and geneuine interest in the welfare of others)
6. Post-conventional - principled conscience (respect for universal principles and the requirements of individual conscience)

Question 15

What is the “Learning through Experience” theory by John Dewey?

Answer 15

Dewey is the “father” of progressive education practice. Project based learning, cooperative learning, arts integration activities. Teach problem-solving by helping them think as opposed to helping them learn only the content of a lesson.

Question 16

“Operant Conditioning”

Answer 16

B.F. Skinner

Question 17

“Theory of Moral Development”

Answer 17

Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 18

What is “Discovery Learning” by Jerome Bruner

Answer 18

Learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based on knowledge or past experiences. Discover learning features teaching methods that enable students to discover information by themselves or in groups.

Question 19

“Stages of Cognitive Developement”

Answer 19

Jean Piaget

Question 20

“Learning through Experience”

Answer 20

John Dewey

Question 21

Who is Jerome Bruner

Answer 21

“Discovery Learning” and “Constructivism”

Question 22

Who is B.F. Skinner

Answer 22

“Operant Conditioning”

Question 23

What are the “Hierarchy of Needs” by Abraham Maslow?

Answer 23

1. Psychological needs - basic needs, air, water, food, sleep, sex
2. Safety needs - these needs help us establish stability and consistency in a chaotic world, such as a secure home and family. Safety needs sometimes motivate people to be religious, ensuring the promise of safety after we die.
3. Love and belongingness. Occurs when people need to belong to roups, churches, schools, clubs, gangs, families, and son on. People need to be needed at this level
4. Esteem needs. Self esteem results from competence or the mastery of a task and the ensuing attention and recognition received from others
5. Self-actualization - people who have achieved the first four levels can maximize their potential. They seek knowledge, peace, oneness with a higher power, self-fulfillment and so on.

Question 24

Who is Albert Bandura?

Answer 24

Created the Social (or Observational) Learning Theory

Question 25

Who is Maria Montessori

Answer 25

“Follow the child”

Question 26

What is the “Social (or Observational) Learning Theory by Albert Bandura

Answer 26

Children learn by observing others. Modeling, or learning vicariously through others’ experiences.

Question 27

Who is Lev Vygotsky

Answer 27

“Zone of Proximal Development”

Question 28

“Zone of Proximal Development”

Answer 28

Lev Vygotsky

Question 29

What are the “Eight Stages of Human Development”

Answer 29

1. Infancy = Trust vs. Mistrust
2. Toddler = Autonomy vs. Doubt
3. Early childhood = initiative vs. guilt
4. Elementary and middle school = competence vs. inferiority
5. Adolescence = identity vs. role confusion
6. Young Adulthood = intimacy vs. isolation
7. Middle adulthood = generativity vs. stagnation
8. Late adulthood = integrity vs. despair

Question 30

Who is John Dewey

Answer 30

“Learning through Experience”

Question 31

What are the “Stages of Ethic of Care” by Carol Gilligan

Answer 31

Gilligan’s work questions the male-centered personality psychology of Freud and Erikson, as well as Kohlberg’s male-centered stages of moral development. She proposed the following stage theory of the moral development of women

• Preconventional – Individual survival
• Transition from selfishness to responsibility to others
• Conventional–Self-sacrfice is goodness
• Transition from goodness to truth that she is a person, too
• Postconventional–principle of nonviolence

Question 32

What are the “Stages of Cognitive Developement” by Jean Piaget?

Answer 32

1. Sensorimotor (birth-2)- explore the world through senses and motor skills
2. preoperational (2-7) - believe that others view the world as they do. can use symbols to represent objects
3. Concrete operational (7-11) - reason logically in familiar situations. Can conserve and reverse operations
4. Formal operational (11 and up)- Can reason in hypothetical situations and use abstract thought

Question 33

Who came up with the “Eight Stages of Human Development”

Answer 33

Erik Erikson

Question 34

What is “Operant Conditioning” by B.F. Skinner

Answer 34

Skinner is the “grandfather of behaviorism”

“Operant Conditioning” is based on the idea that learning is afunction of change in observable behavior. Changes in behavior are the result of a person’s response to events (stimuli). When a stimulus response is reinfoced (rewarded), the individual becomes conditioned to respond. This is known as operant conditioning.