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Psychology > Theories of personality > Flashcards

Theories of personality Flashcards

1
Q

Rogers believed that failure to realize our innate actualization tendency can lead to
_______________.
A. Confusion
B. Aggression
C. Maladjustment
D. Anxiety

A

C. Maladjustment

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2
Q

Persons being assessed by this test do not respond directly. They may talk about
whatever they choose, and their tape-recorded comments are later rated for degree of
self-trust.
A. Q-sort technique
B. Experiencing Scale
C. Thematic Apperception Test
D. Rorschach inkblot Test

A

B. Experiencing Scale

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3
Q

ALL are characteristics of fully functioning people EXCEPT:
A. Trust in one’s behavior and feeling
B. Passive and open to positivity only
C. Creativity and spontaneity
D. Awareness of all experience

A

B. Passive and open to positivity only

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4
Q

What is Freud’s version of Roger’s positive self-regard?
A. Ego
B. Id
C. Superego
D. All of the above

A

C. Superego

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5
Q

Robert’s self-concept includes the belief that we love all humanity but when he met
Chris whom he feel hatred, he will likely to develop _______.
A. Aggression
B. Anxiety
C. Hostility
D. Denial

A

B. Anxiety

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6
Q

The statements below are the reason why Rogers used the word “actualizing, not
actualized” to described a fully functioning person EXCEPT:

A. Self-development is our finished and static personality.
B. Self-development is always a progress.
C. Self-development is a direction, not a destination.
D. Self-development consists of growing, striving, flexibility and openness.

A

A. Self-development is our finished and static personality.

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7
Q

Incongruence is a discrepancy between a person’s _________ and aspects of his or her
experience.
A. Self-efficacy
B. Self-loathing
C. Self-concept
D. Self-hatred

A

C. Self-concept

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8
Q

A parent who loves her son no matter what she does is Roger’s concept of?
A. Conditions of Worth
B. Unconditional Positive Regard
C. Conditional Positive Regard
D. Congruence

A

B. Unconditional Positive Regard

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9
Q

According to Rogers, all aspects of the self strive for ________.
A. Companionship
B. Consistency
C. Connection
D. Competition

A

B. Consistency

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10
Q

The basic human motivation to actualize, maintain and enhance the self.
A. Conditions of worth
B. Basic need
C. Fully-functioning person
D. Actualization tendency

A

D. Actualization tendency

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11
Q

Freud’s theory is often referred to as:
A. Cognitive theory
B. Humanistic theory
C. Psychoanalytic theory
D. Behavioral theory

A

C. Psychoanalytic theory

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12
Q

According to Freud, which part of the mind operates on the pleasure principle?
A. Ego
B. Superego
C. Id
D. Conscious

A

C. Id

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13
Q

The reality principle is associated with which component of Freud’s personality structure?
A. Id
B. Ego
C. Superego
D. Unconscious

A

B. Ego

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14
Q

The superego represents:
A. Basic biological needs
B. The moral conscience
C. Immediate gratification
D. The reality principle

A

B. The moral conscience

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15
Q

Which of the following is a key technique used in Freud’s psychoanalysis?
A. Free association
B. Systematic desensitization
C. Self-actualization
D. Classical conditioning

A

A. Free association

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16
Q

Freud’s stages of psychosexual development include all EXCEPT:
A. Oral stage
B. Latency stage
C. Genital stage
D. Social stage

A

D. Social stage

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17
Q

The Oedipus complex occurs during which stage of development?
A. Oral stage
B. Anal stage
C. Phallic stage
D. Genital stage

A

C. Phallic stage

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18
Q

Freud would explain personality largely in terms of

A

Childhood experiences and unconscious processes

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19
Q

Freud suggested that unresolved conflicts during a particular stage could lead to:
A. Fixation
B. Regression
C. Compensation
D. Sublimation

A

A. Fixation

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20
Q

Which defense mechanism involves attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts to another person?
A. Denial
B. Projection
C. Repression
D. Displacement

A

B. Projection

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21
Q

When a person returns to a previous stage of development in response to stress, this is known as:
A. Repression
B. Sublimation
C. Regression
D. Reaction formation

A

C. Regression

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22
Q

In Freud’s view, the primary driving forces behind behavior are:
A. Social influences
B. Sexual and aggressive instincts
C. Cognitive processes
D. Moral values

A

B. Sexual and aggressive instincts

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23
Q

Freud’s concept of the unconscious includes:
A. Information easily accessible to the mind
B. Memories and desires outside of conscious awareness
C. Rational thoughts and problem-solving
D. Immediate perceptions

A

B. Memories and desires outside of conscious awareness

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24
Q

Alfred Adler’s theory is known as:
A. Psychoanalytic theory
B. Analytical psychology
C. Individual psychology
D. Behaviorism

A

C. Individual psychology

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25
Q

According to Adler, the primary motivation in life is:
A. Sexual gratification
B. Striving for superiority
C. Achieving self-actualization
D. Avoiding punishment

A

B. Striving for superiority

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26
Q

Adler introduced the concept of:
A. Collective unconscious
B. Inferiority complex
C. Psychosexual stages
D. Free association

A

B. Inferiority complex

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27
Q

The concept of “social interest” in Adler’s theory refers to:
A. A focus on oneself over others
B. A desire for personal pleasure
C. An individual’s concern for the well-being of others
D. A motivation to achieve superiority at all costs

A

C. An individual’s concern for the well-being of others

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28
Q

According to Adler, what can cause an inferiority complex?
A. Successful accomplishments
B. Overcoming challenges
C. Feelings of inadequacy from childhood experiences
D. Constant social support

A

C. Feelings of inadequacy from childhood experiences

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29
Q

Which of the following statements best reflects Adler’s view on birth order?
A. Birth order has no effect on personality.
B. The eldest child tends to be more responsible.
C. The youngest child is typically more logical.
D. Only children have fewer personality problems.

A

B. The eldest child tends to be more responsible.

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30
Q

In Adler’s theory, striving for superiority should ideally benefit:
A. The individual alone
B. Society as a whole
C. The family unit
D. Close friends

A

B. Society as a whole

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31
Q

How did Adler differ from Freud in terms of the primary motivation for human behavior?
A. Adler focused on biological drives, while Freud emphasized social influences.
B. Adler believed in the power of unconscious motives, while Freud did not.
C. Adler emphasized social motivations over Freud’s focus on sexual drives.
D. Adler viewed aggression as the sole driving force, while Freud focused on sexual instincts.

A

C. Adler emphasized social motivations over Freud’s focus on sexual drives.

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32
Q

Which technique is commonly associated with Adlerian therapy?
A. Dream interpretation
B. Free association
C. Encouragement
D. Transference analysis

A

C. Encouragement

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33
Q

Freud’s psychosexual theory emphasizes the importance of:
A. Social development
B. Cognitive stages
C. Early childhood experiences
D. Genetic factors

A

C. Early childhood experiences

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34
Q

According to Adler, what does “fictional finalism” refer to?
A. Unconscious desires affecting behavior
B. Imaginary goals that influence one’s behavior
C. The conscious mind’s reasoning process
D. The final resolution of childhood conflicts

A

B. Imaginary goals that influence one’s behavior

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35
Q

Freud believed that anxiety results from conflicts between:
A. Id and ego
B. Ego and superego
C. Id, ego, and superego
D. Conscious and unconscious

A

C. Id, ego, and superego

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36
Q

Which defense mechanism involves shifting emotions from a threatening target to a safer one?
A. Repression
B. Sublimation
C. Displacement
D. Reaction formation

A

C. Displacement

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37
Q

Adler suggested that human behavior is directed toward:
A. Avoiding pain
B. Self-actualization
C. Achieving personal goals
D. Meeting societal expectations

A

C. Achieving personal goals

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38
Q

Freud’s concept of libido primarily refers to:
A. Life energy and sexual drives
B. Aggression and hostility
C. Moral and ethical concerns
D. Social bonds

A

A. Life energy and sexual drives

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39
Q

Adler’s concept of lifestyle refers to:
A. A person’s daily habits and activities
B. An individual’s approach to life and coping strategies
C. Economic status and social class
D. A person’s physical health and well-being

A

B. An individual’s approach to life and coping strategies

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40
Q

Which of the following best describes the technique of free association?
A. Providing encouragement in therapy
B. Reporting whatever comes to mind without censorship
C. Discussing childhood memories only
D. Analyzing dreams exclusively

A

B. Reporting whatever comes to mind without censorship

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41
Q

Which approach views people as motivated by unconscious forces?
A. Humanistic
B. Cognitive
C. Psychoanalytic
D. Behavioral

A

C. Psychoanalytic

42
Q

Freud’s idea that early childhood experiences shape adult personality is an example of:
A. Humanistic theory
B. Determinism
C. Existentialism
D. Free will

A

B. Determinism

43
Q

According to Adler, “safeguarding tendencies” are:
A. Defense mechanisms similar to Freud’s
B. Techniques to maintain social interest
C. Strategies to protect self-esteem
D. Methods to avoid life’s challenges

A

C. Strategies to protect self-esteem

44
Q

What is the term for Freud’s theory that every individual progresses through five stages of psychosexual development?
A. Libido theory
B. Developmental psychology
C. Psychosexual stages
D. Psychoanalytic growth

A

C. Psychosexual stages

45
Q

Adler’s term for overcoming feelings of inferiority and striving for higher levels of development is:
A. Regression
B. Compensation
C. Projection
D. Fixation

A

B. Compensation

46
Q

Freud’s term for redirecting socially unacceptable impulses into acceptable activities is:
A. Displacement
B. Sublimation
C. Regression
D. Rationalization

A

B. Sublimation

47
Q

Adlerian therapy focuses on which of the following?
A. Analyzing dreams for hidden meanings
B. Exploring early memories to understand lifestyle
C. Encouraging unconscious material to surface
D. Utilizing hypnosis to uncover past trauma

A

B. Exploring early memories to understand lifestyle

48
Q

According to Freud, which stage is characterized by a lack of sexual development focus?
A. Oral stage
B. Phallic stage
C. Genital stage
D. Latency stage

A

D. Latency stage

49
Q

Adler placed greater emphasis on the role of:
A. Early sexual conflicts
B. Unconscious mental processes
C. Social influences and community life
D. Biological instincts

A

C. Social influences and community life

50
Q

Freud’s use of hypnosis in his early career was intended to:
A. Cure physical illnesses
B. Access unconscious memories
C. Induce sleep in patients
D. Reduce anxiety levels

A

B. Access unconscious memories

51
Q

Adler believed that people strive for superiority to:
A. Achieve physical strength
B. Overcome feelings of inferiority
C. Satisfy unconscious drives
D. Maintain social harmony

A

B. Overcome feelings of inferiority

52
Q

Which of the following best represents Adler’s idea of “lifestyle”?
A. Genetic predisposition toward behavior
B. Unconscious sexual desires
C. A person’s unique way of striving for goals
D. The moral conscience

A

C. A person’s unique way of striving for goals

53
Q

Which of the following is NOT a potential
consequence of overusing defense mechanisms?

a. Enhanced ability to cope with day-to-day life.
b. Protection of the ego from excessive stress.
c. Difficulty in facing reality and problem-solving.
d. Increased tendency towards self-deception.

A

Enhanced ability to cope with day-to-day life.

54
Q

How does denial function as a defense mechanism?

a. By providing a means to confront difficult emotions
b. By refusing to accept reality and avoid difficult truths
c. By facilitating open discussions about issues
d. By encouraging realistic acknowledgment of problems

A

By refusing to accept reality and avoid difficult truths

55
Q

How does repression differ from suppression?

a. Repression keeps disturbing memories from awareness, while suppression is a conscious act.
b. Suppression results in behavioral changes, while repression does not.
c. Both involve the same mechanisms but vary in emotional impact.
d. Repression is always conscious, while suppression is unconscious.

A

Repression keeps disturbing memories from awareness, while suppression is a conscious act.

56
Q

What characteristic defines projection as a
defense mechanism?

a. Demanding acceptance by behaving in opposition to one’s true feelings
b. Expressing feelings indirectly by ascribing them to others
c. Admitting a fault while minimizing its significance
d. Avoiding emotional distress through intellectual engagement

A

Expressing feelings indirectly by ascribing them to others

57
Q

What is the function of rationalization in the
context of defense mechanisms?

a. To transform unacceptable behaviors into acceptable ones
b. To deny personal responsibility for negative outcomes
c. To reduce anxiety by reverting to earlier developmental behaviors
d. To protect self-esteem by offering logical explanations

A

To protect self-esteem by offering logical explanations

58
Q

Which defense mechanism is utilized to cope with
anxiety by adopting an overly positive stance on an unacceptable situation?

a. Reaction formation
b. Projection
c. Displacement
d. Suppression

A

Reaction formation

59
Q

What are the two main attitude types proposed by Jung?

a. Extraversion and Introversion
b. Rationality and Emotion
c. Intuition and Sensation
d. Thinking and Feeling

A

Extraversion and Introversion

60
Q

Which psychological function is characterized as rational by Jung?

a. Feeling
b. Sensation
c. Deduction
d. Intuition

A

Feeling

61
Q

What do the anima and animus represent in Jung’s theory?

a. The unconscious components of opposite genders in individuals
b. The social constructs related to masculinity and femininity
c. The conscious awareness of gender roles
d. The physical traits of men and women

A

The unconscious components of opposite genders in individuals

62
Q

What is the primary aim of the individuation
process according to Jung?

a. To eliminate all unconscious conflicts
b. To repress the shadow and maintain social persona
c. To establish the Self by integrating elements of the psyche
d. To strengthen the ego as the personality center

A

To establish the Self by integrating elements of the psyche

63
Q

What is the main function of the persona
according to Jung?

a. To manage an individual’s relations with society
b. To represent the repressed aspects of the self
c. To serve as the center of the personality
d. To express the irrational contents of the unconscious

A

To manage an individual’s relations with society

64
Q

Which combination of types contains the
potential for compulsive pleasure-seeking behavior?

a. Extraverted sensation type
b. Extraverted thinking type
c. Introverted intuitive type
d. Introverted feeling type

A

Extraverted sensation type

65
Q

Which psychological type operates primarily on
internal principles?

a. Extraverted sensation type
b. Introverted rational type
c. Introverted intuitive type
d. Extraverted rational type

A

Introverted intuitive type

66
Q

What commonality exists between Adler’s theory
and humanistic psychology as per Abraham Maslow?

a. Both focus solely on unconscious motivations
b. Both emphasize individual determinants of needs and growth
c. Both methods prioritize genetic influences
d. Both disregard societal factors

A

Both emphasize individual determinants of needs and growth

67
Q

What does ‘feeling of community’ primarily
encompass in Adlerian thought?

a. Recognition of interconnectedness and social contribution
b. Pursuit of perfection as an individual goal
c. Individual personal achievements and success
d. Belonging exclusively to a specific cultural group

A

Recognition of interconnectedness and social contribution

68
Q

Which of the following concepts is central to
Adler’s theory of Individual Psychology?

a. The hierarchical structure of needs in human behavior.
b. The creation and influence of fictions in personal development.
c. The role of unconscious motivations in behavior.
d. The emphasis on early childhood traumas.

A

The creation and influence of fictions in personal development.

69
Q

According to Adler, what drives individuals to
develop their personality traits?

a. Societal expectations and norms
b. A lack of social interaction
c. Unexplained internal conflicts
d. A feeling of inferiority

A

A feeling of inferiority

70
Q

How does Adler’s view of human motivation
contrast with Freudian theories?

a. Both maintain similar views on sexual drives
b. Freud rejects the importance of societal factors in personality
c. Adler focuses on external factors rather than sexual and libido-based motivations
d. Adler emphasizes sexual drives over social influences

A

Adler focuses on external factors rather than sexual and libido-based motivations

71
Q

According to Horney, what childhood experience contributes significantly to the development of perfectionism?

a. Excessive parental affection
b. Neglect from caregivers
c. Authoritarian parenting leading to feelings of worthlessness
d. Inconsistent discipline practices

A

Authoritarian parenting leading to feelings of worthlessness

72
Q

What is the primary cause of basic anxiety
according to Horney?

a. Cultural expectations
b. Peer relationships
c. Personal failures
d. Family conditions

A

Personal failures

73
Q

How does Horney’s concept of ‘womb envy’ differ
from traditional Freudian views on women?

a. It suggests that women lack agency.
b. It acknowledges men’s feelings of envy towards women’s reproductive capabilities.
c. It asserts that women’s worth is determined by their ability to bear children.
d. It proposes that women’s psychology is solely influenced by men.

A

It asserts that women’s worth is determined by their ability to bear children.

74
Q

What is one of the characteristics of people who
move toward others?

a. They often act in self-interest.
b. They develop independent personalities.
c. They strive for power and control.
d. They suppress aggressive tendencies.

A

They suppress aggressive tendencies.

75
Q

What does Horney identify as the main driving forces behind neurosis?

a. Rejection and approval
b. Affection and power
c. Affection and independence
d. Power and autonomy

A

Affection and power

76
Q

What is the fundamental concept emphasized by object relations theory regarding early childhood relationships?

a. Early relationships significantly impact later emotional development.
b. Infants have fully conscious desires that shape their interpersonal relationships.
c. Biological drives are the primary influence on emotional development.
d. The father’s role is as crucial as the mother’s in early development.

A

Early relationships significantly impact later emotional development.

77
Q

What crucial early time frame did Klein identify for significant emotional development?

a. The second year of life.
b. The first 4 to 6 months after birth.
c. The first month after birth.
d. The first 12 months after birth.

A

The first 4 to 6 months after birth.

78
Q

How did Klein differentiate her approach from
that of Anna Freud with regard to children’s capabilities?

a. She believed in using less direct methods of communication.
b. She believed children needed less analytical interpretation.
c. She focused on children’s conscious fantasies only.
d. She felt children could manage the full weight of analytical interpretations.

A

She focused on children’s conscious fantasies only.

79
Q

How do girls, as per Klein’s theories, perceive
their relationship with their parents during the Oedipal crisis?

a. They feel a stronger bond with their father than their mother
b. They seek to compete for their father’s affection
c. They desire to rob their mother of her uterus
d. They fear the retaliation of a nurturing father

A

They desire to rob their mother of her uterus

80
Q

What does Klein mean by the term ‘projective identification’?

a. A defense mechanism involving attributing personal feelings to others.
b. The inability to recognize one’s own desires.
c. The act of accepting others’ emotions without resistance.
d. A method of creating harmonious family dynamics.

A

The inability to recognize one’s own desires.

81
Q

What does the term ‘splitting’ imply in Klein’s theory of infant development?

a. The transition from dependency to independence
b. The development of a cohesive self-concept
c. The inability to hold contradictory feelings simultaneously
d. The integration of conflicting emotions into a single reality

A

The inability to hold contradictory feelings simultaneously

82
Q

What duality does Klein suggest is significant for the infant in relation to the mother’s breast?

a. It embodies joy and hostility
b. It represents both abandonment and security
c. It is both the source of nourishment and aggression
d. It signifies independence and dependence

A

It is both the source of nourishment and aggression

83
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the receptive character type?

a. They actively provide support in relationships and communities.
b. They demonstrate resilience by overcoming personal challenges.
c. They exhibit dependence and need for ongoing support.
d. They are confident and independent decision-makers.

A

They exhibit dependence and need for ongoing support

84
Q

What character type is described as having an unhealthy attachment to material items and feeling secure only when surrounded by possessions?

a. Marketing type
b. Productive type
c. Opportunistic type
d. Hoarding type

A

Hoarding type

85
Q

What is meant by ‘frame of orientation’ in Fromm’s theory?

a. A roadmap for navigating personal relationships.
b. A consistent philosophy to navigate the world.
c. A strategy for overcoming basic anxiety.
d. Understanding individual psychological disorders.

A

A consistent philosophy to navigate the world.

86
Q

How do masochism and sadism relate to Fromm’s concept of authoritarianism?

a. They both embody complete independence.
b. They are manifestations of productive love.
c. They encourage personal growth and responsibility.
d. They represent two extremes of uniting with power.

A

They represent two extremes of uniting with power.

87
Q

What does Carl Rogers believe is essential for self-actualization?

a. Positive self-regard
b. Acknowledgment of past failures
c. Conformity to social norms
d. External validation from society

A

Positive self-regard

88
Q

What is the consequence of unconditional positive regard during therapy?

a. It guarantees a quick resolution of all psychological issues.
b. It creates a space for clients to explore their feelings openly.
c. It encourages the client to suppress all feelings.
d. It may allow clients to exhibit harmful behaviors without critique.

A

It creates a space for clients to explore their feelings openly.

89
Q

How does positive punishment function in a workplace scenario?

a. By berating employees in front of colleagues.
b. By providing incentives for meeting deadlines.
c. By giving pay cuts to employees for timely project submission.
d. By making an employee feel valued during performance reviews.

A

By berating employees in front of colleagues.

90
Q

Which of the following describes a fixed-interval schedule?

a. Reinforcement after a variable amount of time.
b. Reinforcement based on a varying number of responses.
c. Reinforcement based on a specific action completed.
d. Reinforcement occurs after the first response in a specific time period.

A

Reinforcement occurs after the first response in a specific time period.

91
Q

After observing a behavior, what is the primary challenge if the observer cannot remember what they witnessed?

a. Motivation
b. Retention
c. Reproduction
d. Attention

A

Retention

92
Q

Which factor is less likely to increase the likelihood of a behavior being imitated?

a. The observer admires the model’s social status
b. The observer lack confidence in their own abilities
c. The model has been rewarded for their behavior
d. The model is perceived as warm and nurturing

A

The model has been rewarded for their behavior

93
Q

Which factor is NOT typically associated with increasing the likelihood of behavior imitation?

a. Observing others being reprimanded
b. Previous rewards for imitating similar behavior
c. Seeing someone in a high social position receive rewards
d. Familiarity with the behavior being demonstrated

A

Seeing someone in a high social position receive rewards

94
Q

Which strategy best illustrates how observational learning can be used to minimize
negative behaviors in a workplace setting?

a. Showing examples of peers being reprimanded for poor performance
b. Discussing past mistakes openly in meetings
c. Providing recreational breaks for employees
d. Rewarding employees for meeting deadlines

A

Rewarding employees for meeting deadlines

95
Q

In which context is ambivalent attachment most likely to arise?

a. Children who are overly secure in their relationships.
b. Children exposed to a variety of attachment figures.
c. Children receiving consistent caregiving.
d. Children experiencing neglect or unavailability from caregivers.

A

Children experiencing neglect or unavailability from caregivers.

96
Q

What distinguishes reinforcement value from behavior potential in Rotter’s theory?

a. Reinforcement value is a reflection of societal opinions, while behavior potential is personal.
b. Reinforcement value measures overall success rates, whereas behavior potential gauges response possibility.
c. Reinforcement value focuses on the timing of rewards, while behavior potential considers immediate action.
d. Reinforcement value compares personal preferences against all possible reinforcements.

A

Reinforcement value compares personal preferences against all possible reinforcements.

97
Q

What does the concept of ‘locus of control’ primarily relate to in behavioral prediction?

a. The way personality traits are measured.
b. The effectiveness of cognitive therapy techniques.
c. The impact of cognitive biases on decision making.
d. The belief in personal control over life events and health behaviors.

A

The belief in personal control over life events and health behaviors.

98
Q

Which element is NOT a part of the basic prediction formula in behavior prediction?

a. Perceived goals
b. Behavior potential
c. Reinforcement value
d. Expectancy

A

Perceived goals

99
Q

In the context of needs, what does the term
‘need value’ represent?

a. The effectiveness of reinforcement strategies.
b. The total number of behaviors an individual can perform.
c. The extent of preference for certain reinforcements.
d. The importance of social acceptance.

A

The extent of preference for certain reinforcements.

100
Q

How does the Dichotomy Corollary influence decision-making in everyday scenarios?

a. It emphasizes the importance of positive constructs only.
b. It promotes the idea that decisions should be made spontaneously.
c. It highlights that every construct has both advantages and disadvantages.
d. It suggests that all choices are equally beneficial.

A

It highlights that every construct has both advantages and disadvantages.

101
Q

How does the Experience Corollary contribute to personal growth?

a. It encourages a static view of experiences.
b. It limits the application of constructs to past experiences only.
c. It facilitates learning through repeated encounters with varied outcomes.
d. It discourages changes in personal constructs.

A

It facilitates learning through repeated encounters with varied outcomes.

Psychology (5 decks)

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