Counseling and Psychotherapy

Question 1

Which of the following statements about effective therapists is FALSE?

a) Effective therapists have a clear sense of their identity and what is essential to them.

b) Effective therapists respect and appreciate themselves and are able to give and receive help and love.

c) Effective therapists adopt the therapist-as-expert rather than client-as-expert approach.

d) Effective therapists make choices that are life-oriented and committed to living fully.

Answer 1

Effective therapists adopt the therapist-as-expert rather than client-as-expert approach.

Question 2

Clients place more value on ______ than on ______.

a) The specific techniques used; the personality of therapist

b) The personality of the therapist; the specific techniques used

c) The orientation of the therapist; the specific techniques used

d) The orientation of the therapist; the quality of the services provided

Answer 2

The personality of the therapist; the specific techniques used

Note: Orientation refers to the technique being used by the therapist

Question 3

Positive ethics is a practice in which counselors:

a) base their ethical decisions on what is best for the client

b) do what is mandated by professional standards.

c) strictly adhere to lengthy ethics codes, even if this is not in the client’s best interest

d) all of the above

Answer 3

base their ethical decisions on what is best for the client

Note:

Remember the word “BEST”
if MANDATED the answer is mandatory ethics (minimum level of practice)

Question 4

_____ allows the therapist to explore in greater depth the areas that are seen as important to progress within the session.

a) Restating and paraphrasing

b) Clarifying and perception checking

c) Summarizing

d) Probing and leading

Answer 4

Probing and leading

Question 5

The following (except one) are core conditions in a helping relationship. Which one is not included?

a) Empathic understanding.

b) Attending and encouraging

c) Warmth

d) Respect and positive regard

Answer 5

Attending and encouraging

Note: This is not condition in helping relationship, this is a strategy

Question 6

If the therapy is in the extended exploration stage, it is expected that the therapist

a) Determine the methods and procedures for follow-up

b) Spend time facilitating, demonstrating, instructing, and providing a safe environment for the development of change.

c) Engage in rapport building, information gathering, goal determination, and informing the client about the conditions under which counseling will take place

d) Gather in depth information about the emotional and cognitive dynamics of the client, problem parameters, and previously tried solutions.

Answer 6

Gather in depth information about the emotional and cognitive dynamics of the client, problem parameters, and previously tried solutions.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT one of the stages in the stages of change model?

a) Contemplation
b) Preparation
c) Action
d) Reflection

Answer 7

Reflection

Pre contemplation: The client is not aware of his behavior

Contemplation: The client is aware of the problem but not willing to change

Preparation: The client is now taking action; small behavioral changes

Action: The modification of behavior

Question 8

The ______ approach is grounded in a particular school of psychotherapy, along with an openness to selectively incorporate practices from other therapeutic approaches.

a) Common factors
b) Technical integration
c) Assimilative integration
d) Theoretical integration

Answer 8

Assimilative integration

Common factors: Searches for common elements across different theoretical systems.

Technical integration: Without following a school of thought

Assimilative integration: Follow a certain approach

Theoretical integration: More concerned with theory/theoretical creation. Two or more theoretical approach

Question 9

The following (except one) are guidelines in providing culturally appropriate interventions. Which one is not a guideline?

a) In multicultural counseling, a nondirective approach is always preferred compared to directive ones.

b) Be open to interventions that are outside the scope of traditional counseling (e.g., folk healing).

c) Become familiar with a variety of theoretical orientations and approaches

d) Assess all counseling interventions for strengths and weaknesses with respect to clients’ social, cultural, spiritual, and political dimensions.

Answer 9

In multicultural counseling, a nondirective approach is always preferred compared to directive ones.

Question 10

The “fundamental rule” for the client in psychoanalysis is
______.

a) Dream interpretation
b) Free association
c) Journaling
d) Mindfulness meditation

Answer 10

Free association

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a goal of psychoanalysis and psychodynamic psychotherapy?

a) Make the unconscious conscious
b) Strengthen the ego
c) Modify the individual’s personality and character structure
d) to change overt behavior.

Answer 11

To change overt behavior.

This is for behavioral therapy

Question 12

What is the latent content in Freudian dream analysis?

a) The dream as the dreamer perceives it
b) The symbolic and unconscious motives within the dream
c) The free association to various aspects of the dream
d) The therapist’s interpretation of the dream

Answer 12

The symbolic and unconscious motives within the dream

Dreamwork: The process of changing the picture of dream to aviod anxiety

Question 13

Which of the following is a key component of the “blank-screen” approach used in classical psychoanalysis?

a) Self-disclosure by the therapist
b) Maintaining a sense of neutrality
c) Giving advice and direction to clients
d) Encouraging clients to focus on their present relationships

Answer 13

Maintaining a sense of neutrality

*The therapist must be a blank-screen to the therapist.
*Minimal self disclosure
*Nuetral to client
*In FREE ASSOCIATION, the therapist must seat on the space in which the client can’t see the therapist to maintain neutrality

Question 14

Which of the following would psychoanalyst consider as resistance?

a) Being late for appointments
b) Difficulty free-associating
c) Forgetting appointments
d) All of the above

Answer 14

All of the above

Question 15

In what way does psychoanalytic or psychodynamic therapy differ from traditional
psychoanalysis?

a) The focus is more on fantasy material than on working with pressing practical concerns.

b) The therapist is more likely to use the couch.

c) It has more emphasis on the here-and-now relationship between therapist and client.

d) There are more sessions each week.

Answer 15

It has more emphasis on the here-and-now relationship between therapist and client.

Question 16

What is one major difference between Adler’s views and Freud’s views?

a) Freud believed that dreams could reveal long-term goals, while Adler thought of dreams as wish-fulfillments

b) Adler believed that the first few years of life are not at all important in psychotherapy, while Freud believed they were crucial

c) Freud viewed people as being fixed by their early experiences, whereas Adler believed people could change

d) Adler believed that the development of mistaken beliefs gave individuals a sense of superiority, while Freud believed it gave them a sense of inferiority

Answer 16

Freud viewed people as being fixed by their early experiences, whereas Adler believed people could change

Question 17

What did Adler believe about feelings of inferiority?

a) They are a sign of weakness and abnormality in humans

b) They motivate individuals to strive for completion

c) They are not present in infants at birth

d) They are only relevant in adulthood

Answer 17

They motivate individuals to strive for completion

Question 18

Which of the following are TRUE?

I. Early recollection involved experiences that happen before the age of 10

II. The subjective interpretation of the early recollection is more important

III. Early recollections should be real, not a false memory, for it to affect the style of
life of a person

a) I and III are TRUE
b) II and III are TRUE
c) I and II are TRUE
d) All of the above

Answer 18

I and II are TRUE

For Adler, it is not the experience during childhood is important, but it is how you interpreted the event.

Question 19

The following are true about birth order in Adlerian therapy EXCEPT for

a) Firstborn children, according to Adler, are likely to have intensified feelings of power and superiority

b) The interpretation of one’s position is more important that actual birth order

c) The birth order of the person increases an individual’s probability of having a certain set of experiences

d) Birth order is a deterministic as it has a causal effect on one’s style of life

Answer 19

Birth order is a deterministic as it has a causal effect on one’s style of life

Question 20

Which of the following statements is true about Adlerian therapy and
dreams?

a) Adlerians believe that dreams have fixed meanings and symbols.

b) Dreams are considered to be the “royal road to integration”.

c) Adlerians do not encourage clients to share their dreams with the therapist.

d) None of the above

Answer 20

None of the above

Question 21

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the stages of Adlerian counseling?

a) Exploration, interpretation, resolution, and termination

b) Preparation, evaluation, intervention, and aftercare

c) Establishment, assessment, insight, and reorientation

d) Orientation, identification, deconstruction, and reconstruction

Answer 21

Establishment, assessment, insight, and reorientation

Question 22

The purpose of examining a client’s family constellation is to?

a) Determine who else in the family needs help.

b) Bring unconscious factors to the surface.

c) Get a picture of the individual’s early social world.

d) To shift the focus of the
therapy to the root cause of the problem.

Answer 22

Get a picture of the individual’s early social world.

Question 23

According to Adlerians, what question is often used to gain insight into the purpose that
symptoms or difficulties serve in a person’s life?

a) “If given the chance to go back 2 weeks ago, what would you change?”

b) “How old were you when you first encountered this problem?”

c) “How would you describe your relationship with your mother and father?”

d) “How would your life be different if you did not have this problem?”

Answer 23

“How would your life be different if you did not have this problem?”

Question 24

A client in therapy has been struggling with social anxiety and has expressed
fear of attending a party. The counselor suggests that the client try to “act as if” they are confident and outgoing at the party, even if they don’t feel that way. What Adlerian counseling technique is the counselor using?

a) Acting as if
b) Spitting in the client’s soup
c) Push-button technique
d) Paradoxical intention

Answer 24

Acting as if

Spitting in the client’s soup: Making the clients aware of their habit.

Push-button technique: Teaching the client to imagine good.

Paradoxical intention

Question 25

Which of the following is an Adlerian counseling technique where patients need to
make an extra effort to notice when they engage in a behavior they wish to change, and with practice, they become better at recognizing it before initiating the behavior?

a) Reflection
b) Catching oneself
c) Role-playing
d) Dream analysis

Answer 25

Catching oneself

Question 26

The
following are TRUE (except one) about client-therapist relationship in Adlerian
therapy. Which of the following is NOT TRUE?

a) Adlerian therapists attempt to establish a relationship of respect and mutual trust.

b) The therapist is considered as the expert in Adlerian counseling.

c) The therapist-client relationship is a collaborative one.

d) Developing a strong therapeutic relationship is essential to successful outcomes

Answer 26

The therapist is considered as the expert in Adlerian counseling.

Question 27

What is the most important factor related to progress in person-centered therapy?

a) The therapist-client relationship

b) Defining concrete and measurable goals.

c) The therapist’s technical skills

d) The theoretical orientation of the therapist.

Answer 27

The therapist-client relationship

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT one of the therapist attributes that Carl Rogers believed create a growth-promoting climate for individuals to move forward?

a) Congruence (genuineness, or realness)

b) Unconditional positive regard (acceptance and caring)

c) Directiveness (telling the client what to do)

d) Accurate empathic understanding (an ability to deeply grasp the subjective world of another person)

Answer 28

Directiveness (telling the client what to do)

Question 29

What is the state of incongruence that clients experience when they first come to therapy?

a) A state of incompleteness due to irrational thinking

b) A state of perfect alignment between self-concept and reality

c) A state discrepancy between self-perception and reality

d) A state of powerlessness and inability to make decisions

Answer 29

A state discrepancy between self-perception and reality

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT one of the necessary and sufficient conditions for therapeutic personality change, according to Rogers?

a) Two persons are in psychological contact.
b) The first person, the client, is in a state of incongruence.
c) The second person, the therapist, is congruent in the relationship.
d) All of the above are necessary and sufficient

Answer 30

All of the above are necessary and sufficient

Question 31

Which of the following is true about therapists’ communication of unconditional positive regard to their clients?

a) It is a possessive attitude towards the client’s feelings and thoughts.

b) It is a genuine caring for the client without placing stipulations on their acceptance.

c) It is contaminated by evaluation or judgment of the client’s behavior.

d) It is an attitude of “I’ll accept you when…” rather than “I’ll accept you as you are.”

Answer 31

It is a genuine caring for the client without placing stipulations on their acceptance.

Question 32

Among the three, which of the following is closest to genuineness?

a) empathy
b) unconditional positive regard
c) sympathy
d) congruence

Answer 32

congruence

Question 33

Which of the following is a shortcoming in applying the person-centered approach with
clients from diverse cultures?

a) PCT may not be the best approach for clients seeking directive therapy

b) It is difficult to translate the core therapeutic conditions into actual practice in certain cultures

c) Its emphasis on constructs such as self-acceptance, inner-directedness and self-actualization

d) All of the above

Answer 33

All of the above

Question 34

Which of the following is not one of the roles of the counselor in PCT? (Villar, 1997)

a) Act as a facilitator and create a relationship in which the individual is free to experience the necessary freedom to explore the areas in life that are denied.

b) Help the client find an aim and purpose in their existence by emphasizing the meaning of suffering, work, and love.

c) Focus on the here-and-now experience created by the relationship between the client and the counselor.

d) Leave the primary responsibility for the process to the client since they have the capacity to move toward a state of psychological health.

Answer 34

Help the client find an aim and purpose in their existence by emphasizing the meaning of suffering, work, and love.

Question 35

This counseling technique involves narrating a story of another person who has gone through a similar experience and later succeeded in life to the client.

a) Parable method
b) Socratic method
c) Narrative method
d) Testimonial method

Answer 35

Parable method

Question 36

The characteristic existential theme includes ______ and ​______.

a) freedom and responsibility
b) Eros and Thanatos
c) rationality and irrationality
d) existential anxiety.

Answer 36

freedom and responsibility

Question 37

When people chose not to choose, they are likely to experience ______.
While _____ is the result of being confronted with the “givens of
existence”—death, freedom, choice, isolation, and meaninglessness

a) existential anxiety; neurotic anxiety
b) existential meaninglessness; normal anxiety
c) existential anxiety; existential guilt
d) existential guilt; existential anxiety

Answer 37

existential guilt; existential anxiety

Question 38

What is the central observation of cognitive therapy?

a) Changes in behaviors and emotions lead to changes in beliefs.
b) Change in beliefs lead to changes in behaviors and emotions.
c) Changes in behaviors lead to changes in emotions but not beliefs.
d) Changes in emotions lead to changes in behaviors but not beliefs.

Answer 38

Change in beliefs lead to changes in behaviors and emotions.

Question 39

Beck proposed what he calls the negative cognitive triad in which people with depression have negative views about the self, the world and the future.
Which of the following is closest to hopelessness?

a) Negative view of the self
b) Negative view of the world
c) Negative views of the future
d) None of the above

Answer 39

Negative views of the future

Question 40

Cognitive therapy places emphasis on helping clients identify misconceptions for themselves through reflective questioning. This process is
known as _____.

a) Self-reflection inquiry
b) Cognitive exploration
c) Joint discovery
d) Collaborative empiricism

Answer 40

Collaborative empiricism

Question 41

What is the role of the therapeutic relationship in cognitive therapy?

a) It is necessary but not sufficient to produce therapeutic effects.

b) It is both necessary and sufficient to produce therapeutic effect.

c) It is the only factor that produces change in clients.
d) It is not relevant to cognitive therapy.

Answer 41

It is necessary but not sufficient to produce therapeutic effects.

Question 42

Client: We were on our way to the beach when my brother suddenly gets irritated and said,
“stop playing that horrible song and turn off the radio.” That was my favorite a song from my favorite album by my favorite singer. I guess my brother thinks I am a horrible person with a poor taste. No wonder, he is always irritated when
I am around. Which cognitive distortion is evident in this example?

a) Magnification
b) Catastrophizing
c) Personalization
d) Selective abstraction

Answer 42

Personalization

Question 43

Neil is a counselor who once dealt with an adolescent client who is very
resistant to change. It came the point in which the mother of the client had to
request that the therapy be terminated because she thinks that her son is not
improving. Because of this, Neil developed maladaptive thoughts that he is
ineffective not only with the adolescent client but with any client he
will deal with. This is an example of:

*
a) Arbitrary inference
b) Minimization
c) Dichotomous thinking
d) Overgeneralization

Answer 43

Overgeneralization

Question 44

Which of the following best describes the purpose of Socratic dialogue
in cognitive therapy?

a) The use of existential approach in conducting cognitive therapy.
b) Asking questions about the meaning of non-being and challenging thoughts about death.
c) Asking a series of questions to guide clients discover new ways of thinking and behaving.
d) Asking a series of questions about the reality of existence and focusing on the meaning of existential dichotomies.

Answer 44

Asking a series of questions to guide clients discover new ways of thinking and behaving.

Question 45

Therapist:
“. Can you imagine yourself talking to your boss and asking for a
raise?”

Client: “Yes, but every time I try to
imagine it, I just see my boss getting angry and telling me off.”

Therapist: “Okay, let’s try to replace
that image with a more positive one. Can you imagine yourself having a
successful interview, with your boss listening to your request?”

Client: “Yes, I think I can do
that.”

Therapist: “Great. Now, let’s go
through the interview in your mind and see how it goes. How do you present your
request? And how does your boss respond?”

Which cognitive
therapy technique is being demonstrated in the dialogue above?

a) Cognitive rehearsal
b) Acting as if
c) Paradoxical intention
d) Role rehearsal

Answer 45

Cognitive rehearsal

Question 46

The emphasis of REBT on cognition has its antecedents in _____ psychotherapy

a) Jungian
b) Freudian
c) Skinnerian
d) Adlerian

Answer 46

Adlerian

Question 47

Albert Ellis’s phrase to characterize the behavior of clients who are
inflexible and absolutistic in their thinking, maintaining that they must not
fail or that they must have their way.

a) Demandingness
b) Musterbation
c) Absolution
d) Cognitive rigidity

Answer 47

Musterbation

Question 48

Which of the following is not one of the counseling steps in REBT
(Villar, 1997)?

a) Show the client that they are illogical and help them understand how and why they became so.
b) Show the client that they are maintaining their disturbance by continuing to think illogically.
c) Get the client to change their thinking and abandon irrational ideas.
d) Establish a positive relationship with the client even outside sessions and talk about matters not related to the client’s concerns.

Answer 48

Establish a positive relationship with the client even outside sessions and talk about matters not related to the client’s concerns.

Question 49

Romeo, a client who struggles with getting the approval of his parents, got a 1.8 in
one subject. He said, “I needed to get a 1.0 or else I am not good enough”. His
therapist responded, “Instead of that, why don’t we change it to ‘I want a 1.0,
but I do not have to’”. Therapist using REBT call this technique as:

a) Shame-attacking exercise
b) Role playing
c) Forceful self-statements
d) Rational-emotive imagery

Answer 49

Forceful self-statements