Theories of motor control Flashcards
A set of ideas that explain a phenomenon
A theory
How the nervous system produces coordinated movement to successfully perform a variety of motor skills
Motor control theory
Planning and execution of coordinated motor skills
Coordinated functional movement
Acquisition of skilled movement as a result of practice
Motor learning
There is no single solution to a given problem of motor control
Kinematic Redundancy
Which theory of motor control relies on Sensory input?
Reflex theory
Which theories of motor control rely on CNS input?
Hierarchical
Motor programming theory
Dynamic systems theory
A feedback control system as a way for the CNS to control motion
Reflex theory
A reflex requires what three structures?
A receptor
A conducting nervous pathway
An effector
According to the hierarchical theory, which part of the brain governs the function of the brain?
Frontal cortex
What are the areas of the brain according to the hierarchical theory?
Higher
Middle
Lower
Motor control emerges from ______ that are nested within ______of the nervous system.
Reflexes
Hierarchically organized levels
Higher areas of the brain ____ lower reflex centers.
If there is pathology of the brain, what happens?
Inhibits
Reflexes may reappear.
What is the order of postural reflex development?
Primitive-> Righting reactions -> equillibrium reactions
In reflex theory, the use of ____ is of primary importance.
Peripheral Feedback
In the motor programming model, ___ is of primary importance.
Central control.
In the motor programming theory, it is believe that there is a ______ that stores info needed to perform action.
Central memory representation.
_____ control synergistic, rhythmic pattern of gait.
CPGs
Intensity of a stimulus modulates _____
Speed
Reaction time for complex movements is
Longer
What 4 samples of evidence led to concept of motor program?
CPG
Deaffrentation studies
Reaction time studies
Feedback processing studies
What accounts for the diminished role of peripheral input and the apparent pre-planning for movement
Motor program
In feedback processing studies, what happened to muscles when person was told to stop mvmt?
They fired during first 100 milliseconds although no mvmt was taking place.
What does feedback processing study show?
The brain is prepared to move due to central processing.
The generalized motor program is a representation of
The memory of Broad features of class of actions
What are the invariant features of mvmt?
How bout parameters of mvmt.
Characteristic of mvment that stays the same.
Characteristic of mvmt that makes it specific.
A deficiency of the simple motor-program notion, which presumes the need for a vast memory capacity to store separate programming for controlling the nearly infinite number of movements people are able to produce.
Storage problem
A deficiency of the simple motor-program notion, which presumes that people are unable to produce novel movements or unpracticed variations of learned movements because they have not developed specific motor programs for producing them.
Novelty problem
The components of a control system that can very independently and that are controlled to produce effective action.;The degree to which we are able to unconsciously adapt a motor program to fit with the environment
Degree of freedom
Mvmt. With same order of contractions and same firing rations have
Same temporal structure and are assumed to be produced by same motor program.
What are the similarities and differences between a walking and running motor program?
They have the same order of firing but parameters are added to change speed.
Shows how we store broad aspects of a program
Relative force produced by each muscle remains
Proportional
What are the invariant features of mvmt?
Spatial order of components
Relative Force
Temporal Structure or phasing
What are examples of some mvmt parameters?
Overall duration
Overall force
Muscle selection
Movement direction
Who came up with the systems theory?
Nicholas Bernstein (Distributed model of control)
What is the systems theory?
Mvmts not driven peripherally or centrally but emerge as result of interaction of systems
Each part of a system contributes to ______ in a movemnt.
Different aspects of control
Complex systems exhibit a
Self-organizing principle
What acts to reorganize a system>?
Control parameters
Predicts discrete changes in behavior resulting from changes in dynamics of movemtn system.
Dynamical action model.
___ influences what happens as velocity increases (example)
What is this known as?
Biomechanical factors. (speed of finger tapping)
Known as a control factor
The best way to learn an activity is to practice that activity.
Task-oriented approach
What concepts does the task oriented approach draw from?
Dynamic systems. Try to develop part of brain that puts everything into context.
who proposed feedback control system as way for CNS to control limb motion?
which theory is this?
Sir charles Sherrington
reflex theory
Who proposed brain has higher, middle, lower areas? what theory is this
Hughlings Jackson
Hierarchical theory
Who influenced Neural developmental treatment?
Karl and Bertha BOBATH
Who influenced PNF
KABAT/KNOTT/VOSS
who ran reaction time studies?
Henry and Rodgers
In CPGs, how did intensity of stimulus modulate speed?
weak stimulation produced walking gait
stronger stimulation produced trotting
strongest stimulation produced gallop
who cut dorsal roots of SC in monkeys? for what
Taub and biz
deafferentation studies that eliminated afferent input
Control the synergistic, rhythmic pattern of gait, which are innate and built into the
architecture of the spinal cord
CPG
we learn the spatial order of the movement, how far we need to move in space to create a motor program
Order of the movement components
