Theories of Development Flashcards
1
Q
What is Growth?
A
- Quantifiable change in structure
- Occurs across the lifespan
- Physical changes include: height, weight, head circumference, changes in organ systems (heart, brain, etc.)
2
Q
What is development?
A
-Gradual, qualitative shift in skills or abilities
-Sequence of development is predictable
-Timing of development is individual
-Differentiation: development follows a pattern:
-Simple to complex; general to specific;
cephalocaudal (head to toe);
proximodistal (midline to periphery)
3
Q
Influences on Growth and Development
A
- Genetics
- Prenatal and Postnatal Exposures
- Nutrition
- Environment
- Developmental timing of “hazards”
- Teratogens, enviro hazards, trauma - SDOH (ZIPCODE!!)
- Cultural expectations / beliefs
4
Q
Hazards
A
- Flint, Michigan - lead exposure
- Zika Virus (brazil, carribean, LA, Africa)
- Refugee crisis - armed conflict, trauma, violence
- Gun violence - Co and Ct schools, neighborhoods, las vegas massacre
- Immigrants: documented? undocumented?
5
Q
Theorists
A
- Psycho-social: Erickson
- Cognitive: Jean Piaget, Vygotsky
- Moral: Kohlberg, Gilligan
6
Q
Eric Ericson (1902-1994)
A
- Psycho-social development is based on the need for individuals to develop a sense of trust in self and others
- 8 critical stages
- Each stage depends on successful completion of the preceding stage (sequential)
- Acknowledged the influences of other people and the environment on development
7
Q
Ericson Stage 1: Infancy: Trust vs Mistrust
A
- Age: birth - 1
- Crisis: trust vs mistrust
- Infants depend on others for food, warmth, & affection; must be able to blindly trust the parents (or caregivers) for providing those
- Developmental goal: secure attachment
- Failure to develop trust will result in fear and a belief that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable
8
Q
Ericson Stage 2: Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
A
- Age 1-2
- Crisis: Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
- Toddlers learn to walk, talk, use toilets, and do things for themselves
- Their self-control and self-confidence begin to develop at this stage
- Developmental milestones: self confidence
- A balance between autonomy and shame and doubt lead to will, which is the belief that children are capable of acting with intention, within reason and limits. “I can do it myself”
9
Q
Ericson Stage 3: Preschool: Initiative vs Guilt
A
- Age 2-6
- Crisis: Initiative vs Guilt
- Children exert control over their world
- How might this look in real life
- Dev milestone: direction and purpose
- Failure of this stage results in guilt or a belief that it is wrong to do things for oneself
10
Q
Ericson 4: School age: Industry vs Inferiority
A
- Ages 6-12
- Crisis: industry (competence) vs inferiority
- Through social interactions, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities
- Dev milestone: feeling of competence and belief in their skills
- Crisis: those who receive little or no encouragement from parents, teachers, or peers will doubt their abilities to be successful
11
Q
Ericson 5: Adolescents: Identity vs Role Confusion
A
- Ages 13-18
- Crisis: identity vs role confusion
- Dev Milestone: “who am I?” integration of all previous stages and conflicts to come up with one’s identity
- Competence in this stage leads to “fidelity” which Erikson described as an ability to live by society’s standards and expectations
12
Q
Ericson 6: young adulthood: Intimacy vs Isolation
A
- Ages 19-40
- Crisis: intimacy vs isolation
- No matter how successful you are with your work, said Erikson, you are not developmentally complete until you are capable of intimacy
- Dev milestone: affiliation and love
- Difficulty: isolation and fear of commitment
13
Q
Erikson 7: Middle Adult: Generativity vs Stagnation
A
- Ages 40-65
- Crisis: generativity - the ability to look outside oneself and care for others
- Milestone: create a living legacy
- Contributing to the world by being active in their home and community. Goal is affiliation and care
- Stagnation: being unproductive self centered
14
Q
Erikson 8: Older Adult: Ego Integrity vs Despair
A
- Ages 65 and beyond
- Crisis: integrity vs despair
- Older adulthood is a time for reflecting upon one’s own life and its role in the big scheme of things, and seeing it filled with pleasure and satisfaction or disappointments and failures
- Developmental Milestone: Life fulfillment
- Unachieved milestones results in fear of death
15
Q
Cognitive: Piaget
A
- Interested in the way children process and think about the world around them
- Theory addresses how child goes form reflexive to qualitatively more advanced models of thinking and reasoning
- Use schemas as a way of organizing knowledge
