Theories of Counseling Chapter 7

Question 1

Emotion-Focused Therapy

Answer 1

• Help clients increase their awareness of their emotions and make productive use of them
• Counselors actively work with emotions using a range of experiential techniques to strengthen the self, regulate affect, and create new meaning.
• Emphasizes the importance of awareness, acceptance and understanding of visceral experience of emotion.

Question 2

Similarities Between Existentialism and Humanism

Answer 2

1. Subjective experience
2. Individuality of each client
3. Trust the capacity of client
4. Believes in freedom, choice, responsibility, meaning
5. Little value on techniques
6. Genuine encounter is a must

Question 3

Differences Between Existentialism and Humanism

Answer 3

Existentialism:
-Faced with anxiety to create identity
-Stark realities of human nature (death, isolation)
Humanistic:
-More optimistic view
-Natural potential to self-actualize

Question 4

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 4

5. Self-Actualization: full potential
6. Esteem Needs: accomplishment
7. Belongingness: family/friend
8. Safety: security
9. Physiological: food/water

Question 5

Person-Centered View of Human Nature

Answer 5

-Trustworthy, capable of self-understanding/direction, able to make changes, and live effective lives.

Question 6

Therapeutic Core Conditions

Answer 6

1. Congruence (genuineness/realness)
2. Unconditional Positive Regard (Acceptance)
3. Accurate Empathic Understanding (grasping the client’s subjective worldview)

-They are both necessary and sufficient for therapeutic change

Question 7

Actualizing Tendency:

Answer 7

-Directional process of striving toward realization fulfillment, autonomy, and self-determination.

Question 8

Counselor’s Role

Answer 8

• Rejects the tole of the therapist as the authority who knows best
• Encourage clients to make changes that will lead to authentic life, which is continuous struggle.
• Emphasize way of being, not doing (techniques)
• Must be present, must be real with the client.
• Must be congruent, accepting, and empathic
• Catalyst for change

Question 9

Overview of Person-Centered Therapy

Answer 9

• Rooted in client’s capacity for awareness and self-directed change.
• Help achieve a greater degree of independence and integration so they can better cope.
• Clients recognize that they lost contact of themselves by using facades.
• Clients figure out their own goals, counselor (facilitator)

Question 10

Incongruence

Answer 10

A discrepancy exists between their self-Perception and their experience in reality.

Question 11

Congruence

Answer 11

• Therapists are real, genuine, integrated, and authentic during the session.
• They are without false front, their inner experience and outer expression of that experience match, and they can openly express feelings, thoughts, and reactions, and attitudes that are present in the relationship

Question 12

Unconditional Positive Regard

Answer 12

• Empathic identification with the client.
• I accept you as you are
• Caring is not contaminated by evaluation of the client’s thoughts and feelings.

Question 13

Empathy

Answer 13

A deep, subjective understanding of the client with the client.

• Able to share the client’s subjective world by drawing from there own experiences that may be similar to the client’s.
• Do not lose their own separateness.
  1. Pay Attention to and value their experiencing
  2. Process their experience cognitively and bodily
  3. View prior experiences in new ways
  4. Increase their confidence in making choices and in pursuing a course of action

Question 14

Subjective Empathy

Answer 14

Enables practitioners to experience what it is like to be the client

Question 15

Interpersonal Empathy

Answer 15

Pertains to understanding a client’s internal frame of reference and conveying a sense of the private meaning to the person

Question 16

Objective Empathy

Answer 16

Relies on knowledge sources outside the client’s frame of reference.

Question 17

Accurate Empathic Understanding

Answer 17

• The therapist will sense clients’ feelings as if they were his/her own without becoming lost in those feelings.
• A way to hear the meanings expressed by their clients that often lie at the edge of their awareness

Question 18

Therapist’s Presence

Answer 18

Being completely attentive to and immersed in the client as well as in the client’s expressed concerns.

Question 19

Immediacy

Answer 19

Addressing what is going on between the client and the therapist

Question 20

Assessment

Answer 20

Person-Centered generally do not find traditional assessment and diagnosis to be useful because these procedures encourage an external and expert perspective on the client.

Question 21

Expressive Arts Therapy

Answer 21

Extended the Person-Centered approach to spontaneous creative expression, which symbolizes deep and sometimes inaccessible feelings and emotional states .

Question 22

Motivational Interviewing

Answer 22

• Stresses client self-responsibility and promotes a invitational style for working cooperatively with clients to generate alternative solutions to behavioral problems.
• Deliberately directive while staying within the client’s frame of reference.
• Goal is to reduce client ambivalence about change and increase the client’s own motivation for change.

Question 23

Stages for Change

Answer 23

1. Precontemplation Stage
2. Contemplation Stage
3. Preparation Stage
4. Action Stage
5. Maintenance Stage

Question 24

Precontemplation Stage

Answer 24

There is no intention of changing a behavior pattern in the near future.

Question 25

Contemplation Stage

Answer 25

People are aware of a problem and are considering overcoming it, but they have not yet make a commitment to take action to bring about change.

Question 26

Preparation Stage

Answer 26

Individuals intend to take action immediately and report some small behavioral changes.

Question 27

Action Stage

Answer 27

Individual are taking steps to modify their behavior to solve their problems.

Question 28

Maintenance Stage

Answer 28

People work to consolidate their gains and prevent relapse.

Question 29

Multicultural Strengths

Answer 29

• Emphasis on human relations.
• Importance of hearing the deeper messages of a client
• Do not make assumptions about individuals
• Uniqueness and individuality

Question 30

Multicultural Limitations

Answer 30

• Outpatient/Agencies are more structure than the approach provides.
• Clients expect counselors to provide guidance/advice
• Translating the core conditions into practice in certain cultures.
• Individualistic approach vs. Collectivistic clients