Theories of Counseling and the Helping Relationship Flashcards
Psychoanalysis is both a ________ and a very comprehensive _______.
Treatment; Personality Theory.
Eric Berne’s Transactional Analysis (TA) posits 3 ego states. What are they?
- The Child.
- The Adult.
- The Parent.
What 3 components of Freud’s structural theory correspond to Eric Berne’s components of TA?
- Freud’s Id = Berne’s Child
- Freud’s Ego= Berne’s Adult
- Freud’s Superego =Berne’s Parent.
What is the Wooden Leg, a term used in Transactional Analysis?
In TA, a person who’s caretaker left or died at an early age might be plagued with what TA refers to as the “Incomplete Parent.” This person could expect others to parent him, and use lack of parenting as an excuse.
In Freud’s Phallic stage, if the child has successful resolution of the Oedipus Complex, what is the result?
Success at the Phallic Stage leads to the development of the Superego, and identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex.
In Freud’s structural theory, what component is described as the executive administrator of the personality, and the reality principle/
The ego.
In Freudian theory, a client who threatens a self-destructive act is being ruled primarily by what?
Thanatos, meaning a death wish.
What is the Freudian term which is described by the love of life, or self preservation?
Eros.
When a Freudian therapist asks a client to say whatever comes to mind, what is being practiced?
Free Association.
Joseph Wolpe developed this paradigm, which is useful when trying to weaken a client’s response to an anxiety-producing stimuli.
Systematic Desensitization.
Systematic Desensitization is classed as what type of therapy?
Behavioral therapy.
Freud analyzed dreams. He found that dreams have two types of content. What are they?
- Latent Content, which is hidden meaning of the dream.
2. Manifest Content, which is the literal meaning of the dream.
When a client projects feelings toward a therapist, that he or she originally had toward a significant other, what is this called?
Transference.
What is the term which refers to the process of making a client aware of something, which was previously unknown? It’s also described as increased self-knowledge and a novel sudden understanding of a problem.
Insight.
Little Albert is associated with what school of psychology?
Behaviorism. John B. Watson to be specific.
Who is Anna O?
Anna O was the first psychoanalytic patient. She was a patient of Freud and Bruer. She suffered from hysteria, but the 2 docs saw that while under hypnosis, she spoke freely, and this lead to coining the talking cure. Anna’s symptoms of hysteria decreased.
Who was Little Hans?
Freud’s experiment with a 5 year old boy. They made the kid afraid to cross the street, for fear of being bitten by a horse or castrated. It was Freud’s answer to Watson’s Little Albert.
The Psychoanalytic technique which has the client talk about their difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings is known as what?
Catharsis/abreaction.
What are the components which make up Freud’s Topographical theory?
- Conscious
- Preconscious
- Unconcscious
Who is Daniel Paul Schreber?
He’s been called the “most frequently quoted case in modern psychiatry.” He wrote ‘Memoirs of a Mental Patient’ after spending 9 years in a mental hospital. Apparently, he thought he was a woman, and would marry God and produce a healthier race.
How do Rogerian therapists view diagnosis and the giving of advice?
Rogerians neither diagnose or give advice.
What term describes the counselor’s ability to truly understand what the client is feeling or experiencing?
Accurate empathy.
What is the term that describes any process in which the client attempts to describe his or her own internal thoughts, feelings and ideas?
Introspection.
What is the most controversial aspect of Freud’s theory?
The Oedipus Complex.
What is SUDS?
SUDS is the Subjective Units of Distress Scale, a concept used in forming a hierarchy to perform Wolpe’s systematic desensitization: a behavior therapy technique for curbing phobic reactions, anxiety and avoidance to innocuous situations.
What does the Freudian term Parapraxis mean?
Parapraxis is another term for ‘slips of the tongue.’
In Freud’s topography theory, besides storing memories and knowledge, what can it do?
The Preconscious mind is capable of bringing ideas, images and thoughts into awareness with minimal difficulty. The preconscious can access info from the conscious and the unconscious minds.
When there’s tension between the id and the superego, the ego controls the tension by utilizing what?
Ego Defense Mechanisms.
According to Freudians, this is the most important EDM.
Repression. Even though it helps to protect the mind of a child who’s been sexually abused, when the child grows up, the repressed memories will cause problems in many areas of life. Psychoanalysts try to help the client access those repressed memories in order to truly heal.
Suppression and repression differs in what way?
Repression is automatic; suppression is voluntary.
A woman who loves the idea of slicing people chooses to become a surgeon. What EDM is she using?
Sublimation. She’s channeling an unacceptable urge/impulse into a socially acceptable skill.
A boy is taking his best friend to the prom, because the girl he really likes, declined his offer. The boy said “it’s better this way; there’s no pressure to get laid when prom is over.” He’s using what EDM?
He’s using rationalization, sweet lemons to be precise.
Harold’s coach yelled at him during the game. The upset Harold screamed at his younger sister when he got home. What’s the EDM used?
Displacement. Harold got angry and took his anger out on a less threatening target.
Lizzy said that she doesn’t like black people, while at recess. A teacher overheard her, then asked her why she felt that way. Lizzy said her parents don’t like black people. Lizzy is utilizing what EDM?
Introjection. Introjection is when a child accepts a parent’s, caretaker’s or significant other’s values as his or her own. Stockholm Syndrome could also be an example of introjection.
Explain the EDM of identification.
Identification results when a person identifies with a cause or a successful person with the unconscious hope that he/she will be perceived as successful or worthwhile.
“I didn’t want it anyway.” is a typical example of which EDM?
Rationalization, sour grapes to be precise.
In this EDM, the person either underrates a reward (sour grapes) or overrates a reward (sweet lemon) to protect the self from a bruised ego.
Rationalization.
John had his heart set on winning a tennis match. John broke his arm in a car accident. John sent in his entry form to play in the competition which is a few days away. What EDM is influencing his behavior?
Denial. John is ignoring the fact that he can’t physically play, due to a broken arm.
“________ is like looking in a mirror but thinking you’re looking out of a window.”
Projection. Simply put, the person who engages in projection attributes unacceptable qualities of his/her own to others.
Ted has always felt intellectually inferior. He currently works out for hours at the gym every day and is taking steroids to increase his muscle mass. Ted is using which EDM?
Compensation. This is when an individual attempts to develop or overdevelop a positive trait to make up for a limitation. The person secretly hopes that others will focus on the positive rather than negative factors.
Jane feels inferior. She is now the president of the board of a homeless shelter, and spends every waking minute trying to help the cause. When asked in social situations, what she does for a living, she says “I’m the president of the board for the homeless shelter.” What EDM is she engaging in?
Identification. She’s feeling inferior, so to make herself seem more worthwhile, she’s engaged herself with a positive cause, in hopes people will think highly of her.
Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in the cause so he can view the material. Mark is engaged in what EDM?
Reaction formation. He’s outwardly portraying the total opposite of what he feels.
Susan is taking great care of her elderly aunt. She waits on her hand and foot, and makes sure she sees all her docs and takes all of her medicine. Unconsciously Susan would really like to see her elderly aunt die. What EDM is illustrated here?
Reaction formation. Susan is unconsciously wanting to see the woman dead, so she’s going above and beyond to show the complete opposite.
A client who has incorporated his father’s values into his thought patterns is a product of what EDM?
Introjection. It’s the accepting another’s values as your own.
A client’s tendency to inhibit or fight against the therapeutic process is known as what?
Resistance.
What is the oldest major form of therapy?
Psychoanalysis.
What is the purpose of interpretation in counseling?
To make the clients aware of their unconscious processes.
Organ inferiority relates mainly to whose work?
Alfred Adler.
_________ Psychology stresses the unique qualities we each possess. It’s keen on analyzing organ inferiority and methods in which the individual attempts to compensate for it.
Individual Psychology. Adler is the Father of Individual Psychology.
When a client becomes aware of a factor in his/her life that was before unknown, counselors refer to it as what?
Insight.
Technically, the word insight is equated with the work of the gestalt psychologist_____________.
Wolfgang Kohler.
Carl Jung was the founder of what?
Analytic Psychology.
Carl Jung believed that men operate on logic. What term did Jung use to describe this principle?
the Logos Principle.
Carl Jung said that women are intuitive. What term did Jung use to describe this principle?
the Eros Principle.
Describe Carl Jung’s use of mandalas.
Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients and dreams. He called these drawings mandalas. In his writings, the mandala can also stand for a magic protective circle that represents self-unification.
What is eidectic imagery?
Eidectic Imagery, which is usually gone by the time the child reaches adolescence, is the ability to remember the most minute details of a scene or a picture for an extended period of time. In other words, a photographic memory.
Who emphasized the drive for superiority?
Adler.
The newer constructivist theories of intervention stress that it is imperative that we as helpers understand the client’s view to explain his or her problems. What are 2 popular classes of constructivist therapy?
- Brief therapy: examines what worked for the client in the past.
- Narrative therapy: looks at the stories in the client’s life and attempts to rewrite or reconstruct the stories when necessary.
Which analytic theorist broke away from Freud in 1911, and went on to found a number of child-guidance clinics in which he was able to observe children’s behavior directly?
Alfred Adler.
In contrast with Freud, the neo-Freudians emphasized what?
Neo-Freudians emphasized social factors.
What is the behaviorist term that refers to the frequency that a behavior is manifested prior to or in absence of treatment?
Baseline.
Unconditional positive regard is mostly associated with humanist theorist?
Carl Rogers.
What is unconditional positive regard?
It’s Carl Rogers’ concept that the counselor must care for the client even when the counselor is uncomfortable or disagrees with the client’s position.
What term refers to the turning inward of libido, therefore a person with this trait finds himself/herself to be his own primary source of pleasure?
Introversion.
___________ is the tendency to find satisfaction and pleasure in other people.
Extroversion.
The terms introversion and extroversion are associated with what theorist?
Carl Jung.
What is “the most widely used measure of personality preferences and dispositions”?
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
What age groups can be assessed by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator?
This measure can be used to assess upper elementary children age 12 and over, all the way through adulthood. and yields a 4 letter code or “type.”
What are the 4 bipolar scales that the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator are based on?
- Extroversion/introversion.
- Sensing (ex: current perception)/intuition (ex: future abstractions and possibilities)
- Thinking/feeling.
- Judging (ex: organizing and controlling the outside world)/Perceiving (ex: observing events).
__________, one of Adler’s students, was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice.
Rudolph Dreikurs.
Who introduced Adlerian principles to the treatment of children in the school setting?
Rudolph Dreikurs.
What is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
The TAT is a projective test in which the client is shown a series of pictures and asked to tell a story. The TAT was introduced in Henry Murray’s 1938 work Explorations in Personality.
According to Murray, what is term that refers to the study of personality?
Personology.
Who wrote ‘The Case Against Psychoanalysis,” did groundbreaking work in behavior therapy, which led to the formation of assertiveness training, AND was a Freud hater?
Andrew Salter.
What is Adler’s term, which is defined as people’s wish to belong?
Social connectedness.
What is the Collective Unconscious, and which theorist is associated with it?
The Collective Unconscious, coined by Carl Jung, implies that all humans have “collected” universal inherited, unconscious neural patterns.
Paradoxical strategies have been linked to Adler, Victor Frankl, Jay Haley and Milton H. Erickson. What is a paradoxical strategy?
Paradoxical strategies often seem to defy logic as the client is instructed to intensify or purposely engage in the maladaptive behavior.
What are archetypes?
An archetype is actually a primal universal symbol, which means the same thing to all men and women. Jung perused literature and found that certain archetypes appeared in fables, myths, dreams, religious writings since the start of recorded history.
What are some common archetypes?
- The persona-the mask or role we present to others to hide our true self.
2 Animus/anima
3 Shadow-the mask behind the persona, which contains id-like material, denied yet desired.
What did Jung say that the shadow encompasses?
Jung said the shadow encompasses everything an individual refused to acknowledge. The shadow represents the unconscious opposite of the individual’s conscious expression.
In addition to dreams, the basic nature of the shadow is also evident when an individual engages in what EDM? The clinical assumption is made that this particular EDM will decrease and individuation will increase as therapy renders shadow behaviors conscious.
Projection.
When a client is displaying behavior which is inconsistent with what the client is verbally expressing, a counselor might point this out to her. The counselor’s verbal response is known as what?
Confrontation. The essence of confrontation is to illuminate discrepancies between the client’s and the helper’s conceptualization of a given situation.
What is accurate empathy?
Accurate empathy occurs when a counselor is able to experience the client’s point of view in terms of feelings and cognitions.
How is empathy defined?
Empathy is a subjective understanding of the client in the here-and-now.
What is summarization?
Summarization transpires whenever a counselor brings together the ideas discussed during a period of dialogue. A counselor might also ask the client to summarize to be certain that he or she has actually grasped the meaning of the exchange.
Define the psychoanalytic term, symptom substitution.
The theory of Symptom substitution occurs as follows: if you merely deal with the symptom, another symptom will manifest itself since the real problem is in the unconscious mind.
What term describes the type of counselor who attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client’s attributes, resources and situation? This type of counselor uses theories and techniques from several models of intervention, rather than simply relying on one.
Eclectic Counselor.
The word ‘Eclectic’ is most closely associated with which theorist?
Frederick C. Thorne. Thorne felt that true eclecticism was more than “a hodgepodge of facts”: it needed to be rigidly scientific. Thorne preferred the term, psychological case handling rather than psychotherapy, as he felt the efficacy of psychotherapy had not been scientifically demonstrated.
A counselor who is obsessed with the fact that a client missed his or her session is the victim of what?
Countertransference.
Which theorist emphasized Lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation?
Alfred Adler.
What is Adler’s definition of lifestyle?
Adlerians believe that our lifestyle is a predictable self-fulfilling prophecy based on our psychological feelings about ourselves.
Adler stressed birth order in the family constellation. How did Adler view the first child?
- First born/oldest child could be dethroned by a later child who gets most of the attention; thus the firstborn would be prone to experience feelings of inferiority. 2. Firstborns often go great lengths to please their parents..
How did Adler view the second child in the family constellation?
A second child will often try to compete with the firstborn child and often surpasses the first child’s performance.
