Theories of Counseling and the Helping Relationship Flashcards
1
Q
Psychoanalysis is both a ________ and a very comprehensive _______.
A
Treatment; Personality Theory.
2
Q
Eric Berne’s Transactional Analysis (TA) posits 3 ego states. What are they?
A
- The Child.
- The Adult.
- The Parent.
3
Q
What 3 components of Freud’s structural theory correspond to Eric Berne’s components of TA?
A
- Freud’s Id = Berne’s Child
- Freud’s Ego= Berne’s Adult
- Freud’s Superego =Berne’s Parent.
4
Q
What is the Wooden Leg, a term used in Transactional Analysis?
A
In TA, a person who’s caretaker left or died at an early age might be plagued with what TA refers to as the “Incomplete Parent.” This person could expect others to parent him, and use lack of parenting as an excuse.
5
Q
In Freud’s Phallic stage, if the child has successful resolution of the Oedipus Complex, what is the result?
A
Success at the Phallic Stage leads to the development of the Superego, and identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex.
6
Q
In Freud’s structural theory, what component is described as the executive administrator of the personality, and the reality principle/
A
The ego.
7
Q
In Freudian theory, a client who threatens a self-destructive act is being ruled primarily by what?
A
Thanatos, meaning a death wish.
8
Q
What is the Freudian term which is described by the love of life, or self preservation?
A
Eros.
9
Q
When a Freudian therapist asks a client to say whatever comes to mind, what is being practiced?
A
Free Association.
10
Q
Joseph Wolpe developed this paradigm, which is useful when trying to weaken a client’s response to an anxiety-producing stimuli.
A
Systematic Desensitization.
11
Q
Systematic Desensitization is classed as what type of therapy?
A
Behavioral therapy.
12
Q
Freud analyzed dreams. He found that dreams have two types of content. What are they?
A
- Latent Content, which is hidden meaning of the dream.
2. Manifest Content, which is the literal meaning of the dream.
13
Q
When a client projects feelings toward a therapist, that he or she originally had toward a significant other, what is this called?
A
Transference.
14
Q
What is the term which refers to the process of making a client aware of something, which was previously unknown? It’s also described as increased self-knowledge and a novel sudden understanding of a problem.
A
Insight.
15
Q
Little Albert is associated with what school of psychology?
A
Behaviorism. John B. Watson to be specific.
16
Q
Who is Anna O?
A
Anna O was the first psychoanalytic patient. She was a patient of Freud and Bruer. She suffered from hysteria, but the 2 docs saw that while under hypnosis, she spoke freely, and this lead to coining the talking cure. Anna’s symptoms of hysteria decreased.
17
Q
Who was Little Hans?
A
Freud’s experiment with a 5 year old boy. They made the kid afraid to cross the street, for fear of being bitten by a horse or castrated. It was Freud’s answer to Watson’s Little Albert.
18
Q
The Psychoanalytic technique which has the client talk about their difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings is known as what?
A
Catharsis/abreaction.
19
Q
What are the components which make up Freud’s Topographical theory?
A
- Conscious
- Preconscious
- Unconcscious
20
Q
Who is Daniel Paul Schreber?
A
He’s been called the “most frequently quoted case in modern psychiatry.” He wrote ‘Memoirs of a Mental Patient’ after spending 9 years in a mental hospital. Apparently, he thought he was a woman, and would marry God and produce a healthier race.
21
Q
How do Rogerian therapists view diagnosis and the giving of advice?
A
Rogerians neither diagnose or give advice.
22
Q
What term describes the counselor’s ability to truly understand what the client is feeling or experiencing?
A
Accurate empathy.
23
Q
What is the term that describes any process in which the client attempts to describe his or her own internal thoughts, feelings and ideas?
A
Introspection.
24
Q
What is the most controversial aspect of Freud’s theory?
A
The Oedipus Complex.
25
What is SUDS?
SUDS is the Subjective Units of Distress Scale, a concept used in forming a hierarchy to perform Wolpe's systematic desensitization: a behavior therapy technique for curbing phobic reactions, anxiety and avoidance to innocuous situations.
26
What does the Freudian term Parapraxis mean?
Parapraxis is another term for 'slips of the tongue.'
27
In Freud's topography theory, besides storing memories and knowledge, what can it do?
The Preconscious mind is capable of bringing ideas, images and thoughts into awareness with minimal difficulty. The preconscious can access info from the conscious and the unconscious minds.
28
When there's tension between the id and the superego, the ego controls the tension by utilizing what?
Ego Defense Mechanisms.
29
According to Freudians, this is the most important EDM.
Repression. Even though it helps to protect the mind of a child who's been sexually abused, when the child grows up, the repressed memories will cause problems in many areas of life. Psychoanalysts try to help the client access those repressed memories in order to truly heal.
30
Suppression and repression differs in what way?
Repression is automatic; suppression is voluntary.
31
A woman who loves the idea of slicing people chooses to become a surgeon. What EDM is she using?
Sublimation. She's channeling an unacceptable urge/impulse into a socially acceptable skill.
32
A boy is taking his best friend to the prom, because the girl he really likes, declined his offer. The boy said "it's better this way; there's no pressure to get laid when prom is over." He's using what EDM?
He's using rationalization, sweet lemons to be precise.
33
Harold's coach yelled at him during the game. The upset Harold screamed at his younger sister when he got home. What's the EDM used?
Displacement. Harold got angry and took his anger out on a less threatening target.
34
Lizzy said that she doesn't like black people, while at recess. A teacher overheard her, then asked her why she felt that way. Lizzy said her parents don't like black people. Lizzy is utilizing what EDM?
Introjection. Introjection is when a child accepts a parent's, caretaker's or significant other's values as his or her own. Stockholm Syndrome could also be an example of introjection.
35
Explain the EDM of identification.
Identification results when a person identifies with a cause or a successful person with the unconscious hope that he/she will be perceived as successful or worthwhile.
36
"I didn't want it anyway." is a typical example of which EDM?
Rationalization, sour grapes to be precise.
37
In this EDM, the person either underrates a reward (sour grapes) or overrates a reward (sweet lemon) to protect the self from a bruised ego.
Rationalization.
38
John had his heart set on winning a tennis match. John broke his arm in a car accident. John sent in his entry form to play in the competition which is a few days away. What EDM is influencing his behavior?
Denial. John is ignoring the fact that he can't physically play, due to a broken arm.
39
"________ is like looking in a mirror but thinking you're looking out of a window."
Projection. Simply put, the person who engages in projection attributes unacceptable qualities of his/her own to others.
40
Ted has always felt intellectually inferior. He currently works out for hours at the gym every day and is taking steroids to increase his muscle mass. Ted is using which EDM?
Compensation. This is when an individual attempts to develop or overdevelop a positive trait to make up for a limitation. The person secretly hopes that others will focus on the positive rather than negative factors.
41
Jane feels inferior. She is now the president of the board of a homeless shelter, and spends every waking minute trying to help the cause. When asked in social situations, what she does for a living, she says "I'm the president of the board for the homeless shelter." What EDM is she engaging in?
Identification. She's feeling inferior, so to make herself seem more worthwhile, she's engaged herself with a positive cause, in hopes people will think highly of her.
42
Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in the cause so he can view the material. Mark is engaged in what EDM?
Reaction formation. He's outwardly portraying the total opposite of what he feels.
43
Susan is taking great care of her elderly aunt. She waits on her hand and foot, and makes sure she sees all her docs and takes all of her medicine. Unconsciously Susan would really like to see her elderly aunt die. What EDM is illustrated here?
Reaction formation. Susan is unconsciously wanting to see the woman dead, so she's going above and beyond to show the complete opposite.
44
A client who has incorporated his father's values into his thought patterns is a product of what EDM?
Introjection. It's the accepting another's values as your own.
45
A client's tendency to inhibit or fight against the therapeutic process is known as what?
Resistance.
46
What is the oldest major form of therapy?
Psychoanalysis.
47
What is the purpose of interpretation in counseling?
To make the clients aware of their unconscious processes.
48
Organ inferiority relates mainly to whose work?
Alfred Adler.
49
_________ Psychology stresses the unique qualities we each possess. It's keen on analyzing organ inferiority and methods in which the individual attempts to compensate for it.
Individual Psychology. Adler is the Father of Individual Psychology.
50
When a client becomes aware of a factor in his/her life that was before unknown, counselors refer to it as what?
Insight.
51
Technically, the word insight is equated with the work of the gestalt psychologist_____________.
Wolfgang Kohler.
52
Carl Jung was the founder of what?
Analytic Psychology.
53
Carl Jung believed that men operate on logic. What term did Jung use to describe this principle?
the Logos Principle.
54
Carl Jung said that women are intuitive. What term did Jung use to describe this principle?
the Eros Principle.
55
Describe Carl Jung's use of mandalas.
Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients and dreams. He called these drawings mandalas. In his writings, the mandala can also stand for a magic protective circle that represents self-unification.
56
What is eidectic imagery?
Eidectic Imagery, which is usually gone by the time the child reaches adolescence, is the ability to remember the most minute details of a scene or a picture for an extended period of time. In other words, a photographic memory.
57
Who emphasized the drive for superiority?
Adler.
58
The newer constructivist theories of intervention stress that it is imperative that we as helpers understand the client's view to explain his or her problems. What are 2 popular classes of constructivist therapy?
1. Brief therapy: examines what worked for the client in the past.
2. Narrative therapy: looks at the stories in the client's life and attempts to rewrite or reconstruct the stories when necessary.
59
Which analytic theorist broke away from Freud in 1911, and went on to found a number of child-guidance clinics in which he was able to observe children's behavior directly?
Alfred Adler.
60
In contrast with Freud, the neo-Freudians emphasized what?
Neo-Freudians emphasized social factors.
61
What is the behaviorist term that refers to the frequency that a behavior is manifested prior to or in absence of treatment?
Baseline.
62
Unconditional positive regard is mostly associated with humanist theorist?
Carl Rogers.
63
What is unconditional positive regard?
It's Carl Rogers' concept that the counselor must care for the client even when the counselor is uncomfortable or disagrees with the client's position.
64
What term refers to the turning inward of libido, therefore a person with this trait finds himself/herself to be his own primary source of pleasure?
Introversion.
65
___________ is the tendency to find satisfaction and pleasure in other people.
Extroversion.
66
The terms introversion and extroversion are associated with what theorist?
Carl Jung.
67
What is "the most widely used measure of personality preferences and dispositions"?
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
68
What age groups can be assessed by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator?
This measure can be used to assess upper elementary children age 12 and over, all the way through adulthood. and yields a 4 letter code or "type."
69
What are the 4 bipolar scales that the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator are based on?
1. Extroversion/introversion.
2. Sensing (ex: current perception)/intuition (ex: future abstractions and possibilities)
3. Thinking/feeling.
4. Judging (ex: organizing and controlling the outside world)/Perceiving (ex: observing events).
70
__________, one of Adler's students, was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice.
Rudolph Dreikurs.
71
Who introduced Adlerian principles to the treatment of children in the school setting?
Rudolph Dreikurs.
72
What is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
The TAT is a projective test in which the client is shown a series of pictures and asked to tell a story. The TAT was introduced in Henry Murray's 1938 work Explorations in Personality.
73
According to Murray, what is term that refers to the study of personality?
Personology.
74
Who wrote 'The Case Against Psychoanalysis," did groundbreaking work in behavior therapy, which led to the formation of assertiveness training, AND was a Freud hater?
Andrew Salter.
75
What is Adler's term, which is defined as people's wish to belong?
Social connectedness.
76
What is the Collective Unconscious, and which theorist is associated with it?
The Collective Unconscious, coined by Carl Jung, implies that all humans have "collected" universal inherited, unconscious neural patterns.
77
Paradoxical strategies have been linked to Adler, Victor Frankl, Jay Haley and Milton H. Erickson. What is a paradoxical strategy?
Paradoxical strategies often seem to defy logic as the client is instructed to intensify or purposely engage in the maladaptive behavior.
78
What are archetypes?
An archetype is actually a primal universal symbol, which means the same thing to all men and women. Jung perused literature and found that certain archetypes appeared in fables, myths, dreams, religious writings since the start of recorded history.
79
What are some common archetypes?
1. The persona-the mask or role we present to others to hide our true self.
2 Animus/anima
3 Shadow-the mask behind the persona, which contains id-like material, denied yet desired.
80
What did Jung say that the shadow encompasses?
Jung said the shadow encompasses everything an individual refused to acknowledge. The shadow represents the unconscious opposite of the individual's conscious expression.
81
In addition to dreams, the basic nature of the shadow is also evident when an individual engages in what EDM? The clinical assumption is made that this particular EDM will decrease and individuation will increase as therapy renders shadow behaviors conscious.
Projection.
82
When a client is displaying behavior which is inconsistent with what the client is verbally expressing, a counselor might point this out to her. The counselor's verbal response is known as what?
Confrontation. The essence of confrontation is to illuminate discrepancies between the client's and the helper's conceptualization of a given situation.
83
What is accurate empathy?
Accurate empathy occurs when a counselor is able to experience the client's point of view in terms of feelings and cognitions.
84
How is empathy defined?
Empathy is a subjective understanding of the client in the here-and-now.
85
What is summarization?
Summarization transpires whenever a counselor brings together the ideas discussed during a period of dialogue. A counselor might also ask the client to summarize to be certain that he or she has actually grasped the meaning of the exchange.
86
Define the psychoanalytic term, symptom substitution.
The theory of Symptom substitution occurs as follows: if you merely deal with the symptom, another symptom will manifest itself since the real problem is in the unconscious mind.
87
What term describes the type of counselor who attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client's attributes, resources and situation? This type of counselor uses theories and techniques from several models of intervention, rather than simply relying on one.
Eclectic Counselor.
88
The word 'Eclectic' is most closely associated with which theorist?
Frederick C. Thorne. Thorne felt that true eclecticism was more than "a hodgepodge of facts": it needed to be rigidly scientific. Thorne preferred the term, psychological case handling rather than psychotherapy, as he felt the efficacy of psychotherapy had not been scientifically demonstrated.
89
A counselor who is obsessed with the fact that a client missed his or her session is the victim of what?
Countertransference.
90
Which theorist emphasized Lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation?
Alfred Adler.
91
What is Adler's definition of lifestyle?
Adlerians believe that our lifestyle is a predictable self-fulfilling prophecy based on our psychological feelings about ourselves.
92
Adler stressed birth order in the family constellation. How did Adler view the first child?
1. First born/oldest child could be dethroned by a later child who gets most of the attention; thus the firstborn would be prone to experience feelings of inferiority. 2. Firstborns often go great lengths to please their parents..
93
How did Adler view the second child in the family constellation?
A second child will often try to compete with the firstborn child and often surpasses the first child's performance.
94
How did Adler view the middle child in the family constellation?
A middle child (or children) will often feel that he or she is being treated unfairly. Middle children are sometimes seen as being quite manipulative.
95
How did Adler view the youngest child in the family constellation?
The youngest child or baby in the family can be pampered or spoiled. The good news is that they often excel by modeling/imitating the older children's behavior.
96
Who criticized the concept of birth order, with his self-improvement book 'Your Erroneous Zones.'?
Wayne Dyer.
97
What brand of counselor would ask a client "What would life be like if you were functioning in an ideal manner?"
An Adlerian Counselor.
98
The current family therapy movement has roots in what theory?
Adlerian Theory.
99
Counselors of this ilk stress that clients long for a feeling of belonging and strive for perfection?
Adlerian Counselors.
100
Counselors of which school of therapy, as well as those who practice REBT, are didactic and use homework assignments?
Adlerian Counselors.
101
A counselor who would ask the client to "act as if" he or she didn't have a problem, would most likely be following which form of therapy?
Adlerian therapy.
102
Logotherapy grew out of what philosophy?
Logotherapy grew out of Existentialism.
103
Behaviorism grew out of what philosophy?
Behaviorism grew out of the philosophy of Associationism. Associationism asserts that ideas are held together by associations.
104
Who did the idea of Associationism get its roots from?
John Locke.
105
B. F Skinner's Reinforcement theory elaborated on who's Law of Effect?
Edward Thorndike's Law of Effect.
106
What is the Law of Effect/Trial and Error Learning?
The Law of Effect simply asserts that responses accompanied by satisfaction will be repeated, while those which produce unpleasantness or discomfort will be stamped out.
107
This theorist worked very closely with Joseph Wolpe, thus his multimodal approach, although it's very holistic, it has a strong behavioral treatment slant.
Arnold Lazarus.
108
What is meant by a holistic approach?
A holistic approach means that the approach emphasizes the whole person.
109
Arnold Lazarus, the multimodal theorist, focused on 7 key modalities or areas of clients' functioning. What's the acronym that the modalities create, and what does each letter stand for?
1. Behaviors
2. Affective responses
3. Sensations
4. Imagery
5. Cognitions
6. Interpersonal relations
7. Drugs.
110
Who is E. G. Williamson?
E.G. Williamson is the Father of the Minnesota Viewpoint. Popular some years ago, especially with career counselors, this approach attempts to match the client's traits with a career. Many exams call this the 'trait factor' approach.
111
An association that naturally exists, such as an animal salivating when food is presented, is called what?
An unconditioned response.
112
In Classical Conditioning, Unconditioned is to unlearned as conditioned is to what?
Unconditioned=unlearned (natural)
| Conditioned=learned.
113
Skinner's Operant Conditioning is also referred to as what?
Operant Conditioning is also called Instrumental Learning.
114
Respondent behavior refers to what?
Respondent behavior refers to reflexes.
115
Skinner's conditioning is instrumental/operant. What is Pavlov's form of conditioning?
Skinner's conditioning= Instrumental/Operant.
| Pavlov's conditioning=Respondent/Classical.
116
All reinforcers, negative or positive, _______________.
Increase the probability that a behavior will occur.
117
What is meant by an antecedent behavior?
A prior behavior. Therefore, All reinforcers raise the probability that an antecedent behavior will occur.
118
In positive reinforcement, something is ________ to increase the probability that an antecedent behavior will occur.
Positive reinforcement= something is added to increase chance of behavior occurring.
119
In negative reinforcement, something is ___________ to increase the probability that an antecedent behavior will occur.
Negative reinforcement=something is taken away to increase the chance of a behavior occurring.
120
Apparently, it's possible to decrease a behavior, using positive reinforcement (even though, this goes against the whole definition of reinforcement). This is possible by using DRO. What is DRO?
Differential Reinforcement of Other behavior (DRO) is a procedure which uses a positive reinforcer to decrease a behavior. An example of this is: Potty training. Give the kid candy when he uses the toilet. Do this enough, and hopefully, he'll stop pissing the bed. In essence, by adding candy to reinforce using the toilet, you decrease bed-wetting.
121
What is a secondary reinforcer? Give an example.
A secondary reinforcer is a neutral stimulus which becomes reinforcing by association. An example of this would be a plastic token. The plastic token could be exchanged for known reinforcers.
122
What decreases the probability that a behavior will occur?
Punishment decreases the probability that a behavior will occur.
123
Most behavior modifiers feel punishment is less valuable than what?
Most behavior modifiers feel punishment is less valuable than reinforcement.
124
Which is used more, negative reinforcement or positive reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement is used more.
125
In Pavlov's experiment with the dogs, what was the US, CS, CR and UR?
US=meat
CS=Bell
CR=Salivation
UR=Salivation
126
What is Stimulus Generalization?
Stimulus generalization, also called "second order conditioning" occurs when a stimulus similar to the CS (the bell) produces the same reaction. For example, not only the bell produces salivation, but a car horn, piano key and some other shit makes the dog salivate.
127
What is Stimulus Discrimination?
Stimulus discrimination is nearly the opposite of stimulus generalization. Here, the learning process is "fine tuned" to respond only to a specific stimulus. In this example, the dog would be taught to salivate only when the professor sounds his horn. Piano key, buzzer or bell won't case a response.
128
What's the significance of John B. Watson's experiment with Little Albert?
The significance of the Little Albert case was that it demonstrated that fears were "learned" and not the result of some unconscious conflict.
129
During a family therapy session, a 6 yr old repeatedly sticks her tongue out at the counselor. The counselor ignores the behavior. What method is the counselor using?
The counselor is using extinction. By not adding a reward or a punishment, the behavior would hopefully become extinct.
130
What is the behaviorist term, chaining?
Chaining is a sequence of behaviors in which one response renders a cue that the next response will occur. A chain is really just a list of operants joined together by reinforcers.
131
In general, behavior modification strategies are based heavily on what?
Behavior modification strategies are based on Instrumental conditioning/Operant Conditioning.
132
Behavior therapy emphasizes what principles?
Behavior therapy emphasizes Pavlovian principles.
133
How is obtaining a baseline accomplished?
By charting the occurrence of the behavior prior to any therapeutic treatment. It's sometimes signified in literature by the letter 'A.'
134
Who conducted the first studies which demonstrated that animals could indeed be conditioned to control autonomic processes?
Neal Miller and Banuazizi showed that by using rewards, rats could be trained to alter heart rate and intestinal contractions. Prior to this experiment, autonomic bodily responses were thought to be uncontrollable.
135
Why is Freudian theory often referred to as "Depth Psychology?"
Freudian theory/Depth theory assumes that something is wrong deep below the level of awareness.
136
Who demonstrated that "learning" could serve as a treatment for a phobic reaction?
Mary Cover Jones.
137
What is Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP)?
NLP is the method Grinder and Bandler (linguistics professor and mathematician/computer expert) used to discover what therapists really did rather than what they said they did.
138
In John B. Watson's Little Albert case, Little Albert was made to fear a harmless white furry animal. Then the kid began to fear a Santa Claus mask. What concept does this illustrate?
Stimulus generalization. The fear response is generalized to other similar stimuli.
139
What is meant when a counselor says he uses a particular paradigm?
A paradigm is a treatment model. Specifically, the word paradigm means mode.
140
Another way of saying that a counselor uses a directive approach is_________?
Directive approach can also be referred to as active therapy or active-directive therapy.
141
When a counselor encourages a client to be more specific about what's going on with him or her, what method is the counselor using?
Concreteness. Concreteness is also known as "specificity" in some literature. The counselor uses the principle of concreteness in an attempt to eliminate vague language.
142
Interpretation is highly valued in analytic and psychodynamic modalities, although it's used in other schools of counseling. What is interpretation?
Interpretation is said to take place when the counselor uncovers a deeper meaning regarding a client's situation.
143
What does "the timing of interpretation" refer to?
The timing of interpretation is the notion that most counselor educators believe that the counselor must wait until counselor-client trust is established, otherwise the client is more likely to reject the interpretation.
144
In the context of counseling, what does the term 'directive' mean?
A directive is a suggestion that the counselor makes to the client.
145
Explain parroting.
This is a big no no in counseling. Parroting is the misuse of paraphrasing. It's repeating what the client said, verbatim. It's known that counselors who did this often make the client bored and uncomfortable.
146
Explain how a bathroom scale would be called a biofeedback device?
Biofeedback doesn't change the client, it merely provides the client and helper with biological information. A bathroom scale and a mirror would be two examples of this.
147
In counseling, biofeedback devices are primarily used for what purpose?
Biofeedback devices are used primarily to teach clients to relax or to control autonomic (automatic) nervous system functions, such as blood pressure, pulse rate or hand temperature.
148
Giving a child an M&M after he finishes his homework is an example of positive reinforcement. At first a behavior modifier would reinforce every instance of the behavior. After a while the kid would be given an M&M, but not every time. What is this process known as?
Moving from a continuous schedule of reinforcement, then going to an intermittent schedule of reinforcement is often referred to as 'thinning.'
149
What is meant when a counselor has the quality of genuineness or congruence?
When the counselor is being genuine or congruent, he's demonstrating the ability to be himself. He's being real and authentic.
150
The ability to understand the client's world and to communicate this the client is known as what?
Empathy.
151
What is Robert Carkhuff well known for?
Robert Carkhuff created a 5-point scale, intended to measure empathy, genuineness, concreteness and respect. On this scale, 1 is the poorest and 5 is most desirable. A rating of 3 is considered the minimum level of acceptance.
152
What's the difference between empathy and sympathy?
Empathy is the ability to experience the client's subjective world. Sympathy is compassion.
153
In B. F Skinner's theory, what is any behavior which is not elicited by an obvious stimulus?
An operant.
154
In B. F Skinner's theory, explain how he differentiated operants from respondents.
An operant is any behavior which is not elicited by an obvious stimulus. A respondent is the consequence of a known stimulus. A dog salivating to food or the pupil in your eye enlarging in a dark room are examples of respondents. THIS is why Pavlovian conditioning is often called "Respondent Conditioning."
155
What is higher order conditioning?
It's when a neutral stimulus (a light) is paired with a CS (bell), then after a while, the neutral stimulus takes on the power of the CS. The result of this is the dog salivating whenever it sees the light.
156
What is token reinforcement?
Token reinforcement occurs when a token (something which represents a reinforcer) is given after a desirable behavior. The token can then be exchanged for a primary (actual) reinforcer. Some times the items or activities which can be purchased with the tokens are known as "back up reinforcers).
157
What did the Menninger Clinic in Kansas discover about a particular biofeedback method regarding help dealing with migraines?
The Menninger Clinic in Kansas discovered that a very high percentage of individuals could ward off migraines via raising the temperature in their hand. This technique is called Temperature Training?
158
What is the biofeedback device referred to as EMG?
EMG means electromyogram, and it's used to measure muscle tension. A person who is tensing a given muscle group could have an EMG biofeedback device hooked directly to the problem area.
159
What is an EEG, and why do some counselors shy away from using EEG feedback?
The EEG means Electroencephalogram. It's used to monitor brainwaves. Counselors sometimes shy away from using EEG since other electrical devices nearby, such as an air conditioner or fluorescent light can confound it.
160
What biofeedback device focuses on the production of alpha waves?
EEG training.
161
What biofeedback device provides data on the heart?
EKG, or electrocardiogram.
162
What device used in the biofeedback method which monitors temperature?
A biofeedback temperature trainer. This is just an extremely precise and very expensive thermometer.
163
Sally gets often reports anxiety. Her counselor witnessed on may occasions that when Sally has anxiety attacks, she tenses her frontalis muscle over her eyes. What biofeedback device would help Sally in this situation?
The counselor should prescribe EMG feedback, since EMG can help Sally zero in on the muscular target area, and work toward relaxing that muscle and eventually get relief.
164
Name a biofeedback treatment which provides electrical skin resistance, but isn't really used because the connection between it and emotion is very vague?
GSR or Galvanic Skin Response.
165
Which method of biofeedback uses a relaxation technique in which muscle groups are alternately tensed and relaxed until the whole body is in a state of relaxation? Due to simplicity and efficacy, this method rapidly became the darling of the behavior therapy movement.
The Jacobson Method, which was created by physiologist, Edmund Jacobson.
166
In this principle, an efficient reinforcer is what the client himself likes to do. Thus, in this procedure, a lower-probability behavior (LPB) is reinforced by a higher probability behavior (HPB). What is this principle?
The Premack Principle.
167
What is the Premack Principle?
The Premack Principle asserts that any HPB (High Probability Behavior) can be used as a reinforcer for any (Low Probability Behavior) LPB.
168
What biofeedback device would be used if a counselor wanted to teach a client to produce alpha waves for relaxation?
EEG, an electroencephalogram.
169
Most humans are reinforced effectively via what reinforcement schedule?
Intermittent/Partial Reinforcement works when trying to increase the frequency of any behavior.
170
What are the 2 basic classes of intermittent reinforcement?
1. Ratio, which is based on the number of responses
| 2. Interval, which is based on the time elapsed.
171
What tool is used to create the anxiety hierarchy?
The SUDS (Subjective Units of Distress Scale) which was based on Joseph Wolpe's Systematic Desensitization.
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The SUDS and Systematic Desensitization are based on paradigm?
SUDS and Systematic Desensitization, created by Wolpe, was based on Pavlov's Classical Conditioning.
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Wolpe's Systematic Desensitization is used to treat phobias and situations which induce high anxiety. For what form of anxiety is this technique least helpful?
Systematic is not effective for clients who have free-floating anxiety, which is anxiety not tied to any one specific cause.
174
What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law?
The Yerkes-Dodson Law states that a moderate amount of arousal/anxiety actually improves performance! Thus, mild anxiety often can be a positive thing, since it keeps arousal at a moderate level. Also, high arousal is more appropriate for simple tasks rather than complex ones.
175
A stimulus which accompanies a primary reinforcer takes on reinforcement properties of it's own is known as Secondary Reinforcement. What is the most popular secondary reinforcer in the world?
Money. Money isn't of value in and of itself. It's what money can be exchanged for that gives it it's value.
176
This behavioral term is described as behavior that's visible.
Overt behavior.
177
In behavioral therapy, a covert process usually refers to what?
A client's thought or a visualization.
178
A teenager lives in a residential facility that uses a token economy. With tokens he earned, he can exchange them for a candy bar. In this situation, the candy is a _________ reinforcer.
A back-up reinforcer. A back-up reinforcer is an item or activity which can be purchased using tokens.
179
An alcoholic is given Antabuse, which is a drug that causes nausea when paired with alcohol. What is this type of technique called?
Aversive Conditioning. Aversive conditioning occurs when a behavior is paired with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the satisfaction in engaging in the behavior.
180
A counselor who has a client who's scared of flying in a plane, will be using systematic desensitization. What's the first step the in anxiety hierarchy involve?
Having the client to imagine that she's calling the airlines for a reservation. In systematic desensitization, the order of hierarchy goes from the least anxiety-arousing to the most anxiety-evoking items. The person uses baby steps.
181
A counselor utilizes role-playing combined with a hierarchy of situations in which the client is ordinarily nonassertive. Assertiveness trainers refer to this as what?
Behavioral Rehearsal.
182
Explain George A. Kelly's "Psychology of Personal Constructs" which deals with assertiveness training.
In this approach the client is given sketch of a person or a fixed role. He or she is instructed to read the script at least three times a day and to act, think, and verbalize like the person in the script.
183
What are the steps in systematic desensitization?
1. Relaxation training
2. Construction of Anxiety
3. Desensitization in imagination (Interposition)
4 In vivo desensitization.
184
The distance of points on the SUDS should be ________ from 0-100.
Equidistant.
185
IN relation to systematic desensitization, what is meant by in vivo?
In vivo means in real life.
186
In Systematic Desensitization, the in vivo portion should not begin until the client has been desensitized to this percentage of hierarchy items?
75%
187
What is the term that means behavioral sex therapy.
Sensate Focus, developed by William H. Masters and Virginia Johnson. The process is similar to Wolpe's Systematic Desensitization. Intimacy is ignited through baby steps.
188
Who is a leader in modern assertive trainer, and conceived Conditioned Reflex Therapy? This person was also a Freud hater.
Andrew Salter.
189
Which theorist worked with patients with sexual difficulties. He felt that repeated sexual gratification was necessary for the cure of emotional maladies?
Wilhelm Reich. He had an "orgone box" which was a device the client would sit in to increase orgone life energy. The FDA outlawed the orgone boxes and Reich was sent to jail, where he died.
190
A counselor who has an obese client has the client imagine being terrible sick after eating a high caloric meal. The counselor then instructs him to imagine a pleasant scene in which his eating in a health way. What is this technique called?
Covert sensitization.
191
What is flooding?
Usually occurs when the client is genuinely exposed to the feared stimulus. Flooding is also called "deliberate exposure with response prevention." Flooding doesn't always work, and in some cases can worsen the problem.
192
What is Implosive therapy?
Implosive therapy, the brainchild of T.G. Stampfl, is a technique of systematic desensitization where the feared stimulus is in the imagination, and sometimes relies on psychoanalytic symbolism.
193
Describe EMDR.
EMDR, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, is a technique created by Francine Shapiro to deal with traumatic memories. She noticed disturbing memories started to abate when moving her eyes back and forth. She tested this by having her clients watch her finger back and forth, to induce eye movement. It's not very effective.
194
In the counseling profession, what is meant by the term, attending?
Attending refers to behaviors on the part of the counselor, where which indicate that he or she is truly engaged in active listening skills.
195
Victor Frankl is the Father of logotherapy, which is based on existentialism. What does logotherapy mean?
Logotherapy means healing through meaning.
196
Victor Frankl is also the Father of Paradoxical Intention. What is Paradoxical Intention?
Paradoxical Intention is implemented by advising the client to purposely exaggerate a dysfunctional behavior in the imagination.
197
What is Existentialism?
Existentialism is considered a humanistic form of helping in which the counselor helps the client discover meaning in his or her life by doing a deed (example: an accomplishment), experiencing a value (example: love), or suffering (example: Frankl discovered that even being held hostage in a concentration camp could not take away his dignity).
198
What viewpoint was a reaction to the psychoanalytic and behaviorist schools and stresses growth and self-actualization?
Existentialism. Existentialism counseling rejects analysis and behaviorism for being deterministic and reductionistic.
199
Which philosopher said "Men are disturbed not by things, but of the view which they take of them."?
Epictetus. This statement captures the major premise of Albert Ellis' REBT.
200
List criticisms that behaviorists have of existentialism.
Behaviorists believe that Existentialism is too vague regarding techniques and procedures. They say it's not a systematic approach to treatment and it's abstract and not scientific. It also rejects traditional diagnoses and assessment procedures.
201
What are some criticisms that Existentialism has of Behaviorism?
Existentialists say that behaviorism is too simplistic, reductionistic and doesn't deal with underlying causes.
202
What do Existentialists primarily focus on?
The focus is on the client's perception of the here-and-now, and what the person can ultimately become. The present and even the future are emphasized. The key to change is seen as self-determination.
203
Existentialist and Rogerian Person-Centered counselors adhere to what Buber called the 'I-Thou' relationship. what is meant by 'I-Thou'?
I-Thou implies that the relationship is horizontal. A horizontal relationship assumes equality between the persons.
204
If the relation between client and counselor is vertical, what does that mean?
In a vertical relationship, the counselor is viewed as the expert.
205
Who introduced Existentialism to the US?
Rollo May.
206
Irvin Yalom, who is noted for his work in group therapy, belong to which school of thought?
Existentialism.
207
Who is the Father of Gestalt Therapy?
Fritz Perls.
208
Who pioneered REBT?
Albert Ellis.
209
Who is noted for his Primal Scream Therapy?
Arthur Janov.
210
Existentialists speak of 3 worlds: Umwelt, Mitwelt and the Eigenwelt. What does this mean in English?
1. Umwelt=Physical world
2. Mitwelt=Relationship world
3. Eigenwelt=Identity world.
211
What did Victor Frankl's experience in Nazi concentration camps teach him?
1. You can't always control you environment, but you can control your response to it.
2. Suffering can be transformed into achievement and creativity.
212
What is noogenic neurosis?
Term used by Logotherapists, which means the frustration of the will to meaning.
213
Describe the Existential term phenomenology.
Phenomenology refers to the client's internal personal experience of events.
214
Describe the Existential term ontology.
Ontology is the philosophy of being and existing. It's the metaphysical study of life experience.
215
Who is the Father of Reality Therapy?
William Glasser.
216
Name the REBT technique where the client is to imagine that he or she is in a situation which has traditionally caused emotional disturbance. The client then imagines changing the feelings via rational, logical and scientific thought.
Rational imagery.
217
What is RBT?
Rational Behavior Therapy, created by Maxie C. Maultsby Jr., who studied under Albert Ellis. This approach relies on REBT; however, the client performs a written self-analysis. It's well-suited for problems of substance abuse and highly recommended as a method of multicultural counseling.
218
Reality Therapy has incorporated Choice Theory/Control Theory. What does choice theory assert?
Choice Theory asserts that the only person whose behavior we can control is our own. According to this theory, our behavior is our best attempt to control our world to satisfy our wants and needs.
219
Name the type of deep muscle massage which is assumed to have an impact on a person's emotional state.
Rolfing.
220
Describe William Glasser's Reality Therapy.
Reality therapy is a present moment form of counseling, which focuses on the here-and-now. The client's childhood isn't explored, but if the client brings it up, the therapist highlights successes. Glasser believed the individual controls the environment.
221
This term describes when the therapist takes the client's thoughts and feelings and restates them, using the therapists own words.
Paraphrasing.
222
What is Glasser's view on mental illness?
Glasser believed that diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick or irresponsibly. He rejected the traditional medical model of disease. Reality therapy has little to do with the formal diagnostic process, or what is known in clinical circles as "nosology."
223
Who founded REBT?
Albert Ellis
224
What is the ABC theory of personality?
1. Activating event
2. Belief system
3. Emotional consequence.
225
What is bibliotherapy?
Bibliotherapy is the use of books or writings pertaining to self improvement. Bibliotherapy is also a form of homework, meaning it's work that the therapist assigns to be done outside of therapy.
226
Therapies that basically "teach" the client, for example, REBT, are known as what type of models of treatment?
Therapies that teach are known as didactic models of treatment.
227
What does Ellis believe to be at the core of emotional disturbance?
According to Ellis, irrational thinking at part B (the Belief system) is at the core of emotional disturbance.
228
In REBT, what does therapeutic cognitive restructuring refer to?
Therapeutic cognitive restructuring refers to refuting irrational ideas and replacing them with rational ones.
229
What does Ellis mean when referring to 'internal verbalizations'?
Internal verbalizations is the process of changing your thoughts through and feelings via self-talk.
230
The act of disrupting the client's mode of thinking is sometimes referred to as what?
Cognitive disruption.
231
In Ellis' ABC theory of personality, at point A, there is an activating agent; at point B, the person's belief system; and point C, the emotional consequence. According to him, the what is the fault of most other therapies?
Ellis believed the fault in most therapies lay in their lack of emphasising irrational beliefs at point B. He believes they wrongly assert that A causes C.
232
What is Glasser's view of behavior?
Glasser insists that behavior is internally motivated and we choose our actions.
233
Who was the ex-psychoanalytic therapist who developed cognitive therapy? He also developed the BDI.
Aaron Beck developed cognitive therapy and developed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI).
