Human Growth and Development Flashcards
Who is the Father of Psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud.
Who did Sigmund Freud befriend, and co-author a book based on “the talking cure”?
Joseph Breuer.
Who is Anna O?
The patient which Joseph Breuer used hypnosis on, and discovered that talk therapy decreases symptoms of hysteria.
Who is Jean-Martin Charcot?
Renowned French neurologist who Freud studied hypnosis under, after he left Breuer.
What is free association?
The method which Freud used in psychoanalysis, where he had patients say whatever came to mind. By analyzing this info, Freud believed that he find the root of trauma responsible for the client’s suffering.
By what age, approximately, did Freud believe that personality was established?
6 years old.
What “zones” of the body were Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development named for?
Erogenous Zones.
Name Freud’s five Stages of Psychosexual Development.
Oral Stage, Anal Stage, Phallic Stage, Latency Stage and Genital Stage.
What is the term that describes being stuck in any of Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development?
Fixation.
Describe the behavior of a person who’s fixated at the Freud’s Oral Stage, and name the erogenous zone.
An orally fixated/preoccupied person might become a nail-biter, smoker, drinker or over-eater. The erogenous zone is the mouth.
Describe the behavior of someone who is fixated at Freud’s Second Stage of Psychosexual Development, and name the erogenous zone associated with this stage.
The erogenous zone of the 2nd Psychosexual stage is the anus. If parents were too lenient with potty training the child might be “anal-expulsive,”; destructive, wasteful and messy. If the potty training was forced or too strict, this would lead to an “anal-retentive” personality; obsessed with perfection, control and cleanliness.
Describe the Phallic Stage of Psychosexual Development.
This is the 3rd stage of development, which covers ages 3-6 years old. The erogenous zone is the genitals. The Oedipus and Electra Complexes occur now. Fixation leads to sexual deviance, confused/and or weakened sexual identity.
Name the fourth stage of Psychosexual Development, the erogenous zone and behavior of fixation. This is a trick question.
The 4th stage is Latency. This is the calm before the storm. Sexual urges are suppressed and energy is directed toward social interaction and intellectual abilities. Kids mostly play with same-sex peers; no sexual dev’t or fixation occurs.
Describe the last Stage of Psychosexual Development.
Puberty-adulthood. Sexual urges reawaken, and are directed to the opposite sex. If stage is successful, person becomes well-adjusted and pleasure is focused on genitalia. If fixated, sexual perversions result.
What are some criticisms of Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development?
- The focus was almost entirely on males.
- He didn’t study behavior of children, but rather what he was told about kids of his adult patients.
- Due to delay between so-called “cause” of childhood and “effect” of adults, theory is too hard to measure.
Describe Freud’s Structural Theory of Personality.
The mind has 3 components. The Id, Ego and Superego. The Id is present at birth and only focus is pleasure and immediate gratification. The Superego deals with morality, values and ideals. The Ego is based on reality and is the executive administrator of personality.
This part of the mind, according to Freud, is the reality principle, and comes to consider other people’s feelings needs and desires, and realizes that selfish impulsive behavior can cause harm?
The Ego.
At what age and stage does the Superego develop?
The Superego develops near the end of the Phallic Stage, around 5 years old.
Describe Freud’s Topographical Theory/Conception of the Human Psyche.
This is represented by an iceberg. The tip above the water is the Conscious. The middle strip is the Preconscious (which has the Superego) and the deepest, largest part is the Unconscious. The Id develops in the Unconscious.
Where in the Psyche/Topographical Theory is the Ego located? This is a trick question.
There is no fixed place in the iceberg for the Ego. It can be found in either of the 3 places.
List what can be found in each area of Freud’s Iceberg.
The Conscious level houses thoughts and perceptions. The Preconscious houses memories and stored knowledge. The Unconscious has fears, unacceptable sexual desires, violent motives, irrational wishes, shameful experiences, selfish needs and immoral urges.
Who created the field of Child Psychoanalysis?
Anna Freud.
Who wrote the book, ‘The Ego and Mechanisms of Defense’ in 1936?
Anna Freud.
What are Ego Defense Mechanisms?
They are tools the ego uses when dealing with conflicts between the Id and Superego. They are a result of the drive to reduce tension and ease anxiety caused by the conflict between Id and Superego.
Who is responsible for conceptualizing the Ego Defense Mechanisms? This is a trick question.
Even though Sigmund Freud came up with the basic idea of EDM’s, Anna Freud identified specific defense mechanisms that the Ego uses to reduce tension.
Describe the EDM of Denial.
Refusing to admit or recognize that something is occurring or has occurred.
Describe the EDM of Displacement
Taking your negative feelings out on someone or something less threatening. Example: Boss yells at you, you come home and kick the dog.
Describe the EDM of Intellectualization.
Thinking of something from a cold and objective perspective instead of getting caught up in your feelings.
Describe the EDM of Projection.
Taking your own uncomfortable feelings and attaching them to someone else so it seems like that person is feeling that way in place of you. Example: complaining that your husband is angry, when you are the angry one.
Describe the EDM of Rationalization.
The use of flimsy yet seemingly plausible arguments to justify either something that is too difficult to accept, or to make something seem not so bad when it is. (Sour Grapes/Sweet Lemons).
Describe the EDM of Reaction Formation.
Behaving in the opposite way to hide one’s true feelings. Feeling something that you feel is socially unacceptable, then espousing the opposite. Example: a closeted gay republican politician publicly condemning gay people and gay rights. Or a racist democrat publicly denouncing racial discrimination.
Describe the EDM of Regression.
Retreating to an earlier stage of development in response to an uncomfortable or distressing situation. Example: Husband yells at wife, and wife cries, throws a tantrum and throws herself on the floor, kicking and screaming.
Describe the EDM of Suppression.
Choosing not to acknowledge/blocking out things too uncomfortable or hurtful to think about.
Describe the EDM of Sublimation.
Channeling socially unacceptable urges into constructive, socially acceptable behaviors. Example: A woman has the urge to slice and dice people, so she becomes a surgeon.
Describe the EDM of Repression, which happens to be the most significant of all of the EDM’s.
This is the total memory loss of a traumatic event. Example: A child who is sexually abused, grows up to be an adult with no memory of such events.
Who modified their work on moral development, from the work of Jean Piaget?
Lawrence Kohlberg.
Name the 3 levels of Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development.
The Preconventional Level, the Conventional Level and the Postconventional Level of Morality.
Name and describe the 2 stages of Kohlberg’s Preconventional Level of Morality.
In this Level the kid sees himself separate from society, and acts in response to authority figures. Stage 1 is Obedience and Punishment. It’s the “How can I avoid punishment” stage. Stage 2 is Individualism and exchange. It’s the “What’s in it for me” orientation.
Name and describe the Second Level which includes 3rd and 4th Stage of Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development.
In the Conventional Level of Morality, children see themselves as part of society, and urged to act accordingly. Stages 3 is Good Interpersonal Relationships. Family and society are sought as models of moral choices. Interpersonal emotions and need of approval are huge here. Stage 4 is Law and Order, where kids see laws/rules as necessary to maintain order.
Name the final level of Kohlberg’s Moral Development, and the stages it contains.
The Post Conventional Level of Morality is where ethical behavior becomes self-motivated. People act according to a higher universal sense of morality. Stage 5 is Social Contract and Individual Rights orientation. People have made a contract with society to uphold universal values; all are entitled to basic rights. Stage 6 is Universal Principles. Internal principals of ethics and justice may go against laws of state. Principles may trump laws.
List criticisms of Lawrence Kohlberg’s research into the moral stages of development.
Some say his theory of moral dev’t is biased towards males, and that most men reach Stage 4 and most women reach Stage 3. Others say he didn’t take other factors into consideration, like compassion and caring. He’s also criticized for not doing longitudinal studies, since he claims to know how kids develop over time.
Who is The Father of Individual Psychology?
Alfred Adler.
Adler was a sickly child. He suffered from rickets, caught pneumonia as a child, didn’t learn to walk until age 4, and almost died. Some say his difficult child hood may have influenced which of his theories?
Adler’s Organ Inferiority is as follows: A person with a physical defect will experience feelings of shortcoming or inferiority because of his handicap. This will lead the person to compensate for the supposed weakness.
Although Freud invited Adler to work with him, formed the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society and appointed Adler as president and co-editor of the organization’s newsletter, what led to the rift?
Adler disagreed with many of Freud’s views while working with him. They debated, and Adler eventually broke away from the organization, and 9 other members followed. They formed The Society for Individual Psychology.
How do Freud’s and Adler’s views on personality differ.
Freud believed that biological drives were responsible for behavior. Adler believed that a person’s behavior influenced by an individual’s experience, environment and societal forces.
Name the 3 forces that Adler believed that the individual has to confront in order to find the final nature of personality.
- Societal Forces
- Love-Related Forces
- Vocational Forces.
Explain Adler’s Theory of Compensation, Resignation and Overcompensation.
Adler believed that in developing personality traits, people deal with feelings of inferiority. They do this by either A) Compensate, by excelling in other areas, to make up for the deficit. B) Resignation, they come to terms with and accept their shortcomings. C) Overcompensation, they go nuts trying to outdo themselves.
Describe Adler’s Fictional Finalism.
Adler’s idea that there’s an imagined or potential goal that guides our behavior.
While Freud pushed his theory of libido and sex as drives of development, name 4 environmental factors that Adler shifted his focus to, as factors that effect development.
- Birth Order
- Family Constellation
- Lifestyle
- Goals.
Whose theory would include the statement, “Sibling interaction may have more of an impact than parent/child interaction.”?
Alfred Alder.
The drive for superiority, Will to Power, emphasis on equality, and the importance of social interest, democratic family structures, and it’s effect on self esteem, is attributed to which theorist?
Alfred Adler.
Describe Neofreudians.
They are a group of theorists who were influence by Sigmund Freud, but they stressed the importance of cultural issues and interpersonal relationships as opposed to biological or sexual drives.
Because he believed that every person was unique, and none of the previous theories could be applied to everyone, this is how Adler came up with his overall theory _____________________.
Individual Psychology.
Explain Adler’s Success and Superiority.
In a nutshell, Adler believed the driving force behind a person’s actions were either success (the desire for community benefit) or superiority (the desire for personal gain. People who strive for superiority have little concern for others and only on self, and end psychologically unhealthy. The success-driven are motivated by good of humanity.
Which theorist is famous for Classical Conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov.
Explain the basic idea of Classical Conditioning and it’s four components.
Classical Conditioning is basically about learning by association. The components are Unconditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Response, Conditioned Stimulus and Conditioned Response.
BF Skinner is known for what theory?
Operant Conditioning.
What is Operant Conditioning?
The method of influencing behavior with punishment and rewards.
What is Positive Reinforcement?
The method of adding something positive to increase the chance of a behavior occurring.
What is Negative Reinforcement?
The method of taking something negative away, in order to increase the chance of a behavior occurring.
What is Punishment?
The method used to decrease the chance of a behavior occurring.
What is Extinction?
The method of not adding any reinforcement (negative or positive) in hopes of eliminating a behavior. Example would be ignoring thumb-sucking instead of slapping the kid (positive punishment).
Describe the Reinforcement of the rats in the Skinner Box.
Rat’s in the box. Every time it pushes the lever, it gets food (Positive Reinforcement). Rat’s in the box, and electric shocks are at it’s feet, but the shocks stop when it pushes the lever (Negative Reinforcement).
Describe Punishment/Positive Punishment and Extinction with rats in the Skinner Box.
Rat’s in the box and every time he pulls the lever he gets shocked (Punishment/Positive Punishment). Rat’s in the box, the rat neither gets a shock or food, so eventually the pressing of the lever stops.
What are Schedules of Reinforcement?
A way of increasing a behavior, based on when and how often it’s reinforced.
Schedules of Reinforcement can be broken down into 2 types. What are they?
Continuous Reinforcement: behavior is reinforced every time it occurs.
Partial Reinforcement: a behavior is reinforced only part of the time.
Partial Reinforcement Schedules can be broken down into 4 distinct schedules of reinforcement. What are they?
- Fixed-Ratio Schedule
- Variable-Ratio Schedule
- Fixed-Interval Schedule
- Variable-Interval Schedule
A rat in a Skinner Box gets a food pellet every other time it pushes the lever. This is an example of what kind reinforcement?
It’s an example of Partial Reinforcement, more specifically Fixed-Ratio Schedule. After X number of times, the behavior is reinforced.
One of Skinner’s rats gets pellets after an unpredictable number of pushes on the lever. What kind of Partial Reinforcement is this?
It’s Variable-Ratio. The rat has no idea how many times he has to push the lever before getting the pellet.
Another one of Skinner’s rats gets a food pellet after 15 seconds, regardless of how many times he pushes the pellet. What kind of Partial Reinforcement is this?
It’s Fixed-Interval. After X number of seconds/minutes/whatever, the rat gets the pellet regardless of how many times he pushes the lever. Remember Interval = time.
One of Skinner’s more unfortunate rats is put on a Variable-Interval Schedule of reinforcement. What does this mean, and why is it unfortunate?
A Variable-Interval schedule occurs when the reinforcement comes after an unpredictable amount of time. This is unfortunate because the rat’s got no clue as to how long or how often he’s gonna get a pellet.
A woman gets paid every other week. What kind of Partial Reinforcement is that?
This is a fixed-interval schedule. She consistently gets paid after X amount of time. Remember Interval = time.
What’s a very simple way to UNDERSTAND and REMEMBER the Partial Reinforcement Schedules?
- Fixed = Consistent. Whether is 30 pulls on a lever or 30 minutes, the reinforcement is coming after X number of whatever.
- Variable = Inconsistent. It’s unpredictable.
- Interval = Time.
- Ratio= # of acts. After X number of punches/kisses/nosebleeds, you get a rose.
Name Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development.
- Sensorimotor Stage.
- Preoperational Stage
- Concrete Operational Stage
- Formal Operational Stage
What is Centration, and what stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Dev’t does it occur.
Centration is characterized by a child focusing on a key feature of a given object while not noticing the rest of it. Example: A child staring at a clown’s red nose, but ignore’s all of the clown’s other features. This occurs in the Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Dev’t.
What is Egocentrism and in what stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Development does it occur?
Egocentrism refers to the child’s inability to see the world from others’ points of view. Egocentrism is in the 2nd stage which is the Preoperational Stage.
Abstract reasoning and deductive thinking take place in Piaget’s final stage of Cognitive Development. Define these terms.
Abstract reasoning is the ability to think outside of concrete terms. Deductive thinking allow an individual to apply general reasoning to specific situations.
Piaget was a genetic epistemologist. What is Epistemology?
Epistemology is a branch of philosophy that attempts to examine how we know what we know.
What view regarding stages of development did Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson have in common?
Both Freud and Erikson believed that each developmental stage needed to be resolved before moving on to the next.
What is Piaget’s concept of conservation and when does it occur?
Conservation is the understanding that a substance’s weight and volume don’t change when moved from one container to another, even if it changes shape. The child learns this and reversibility during the Concrete Operations Stage (6-11yrs)
According to Piaget, a child’s understanding of mass, volume and weight are grasped in what order?
A child first learns the concept of mass. After that, they begin to understand the concept of weight then volume.
What is meant by the term Epigenic?
It’s the idea in stage theories, that each stage emerges from the one before.
Give examples of Epigenic Theorists.
- Abraham Maslow
- Erik Erikson
- Kohlberg
Who is the Father of American Behaviorism?
John B. Watson.
According to Piaget, what is the concept of reversibility?
The notion that one can undo an action. Things can revert back to their original shape. This is learned in the Concrete Operations stage.
Which theorist is known for the concept of Identity Crisis, and describe it.
Erikson came up with this concept, and it describes a teenager’s attempt to discover himself by experimenting with different roles.
Who pioneered the Zone of Proximal Development?
Lev Vygotsky
What is the Zone of Proximal Development?
It’s the difference between what a child is capable of doing when a teacher is around and what the child can do when no teacher is present.
What is the Maturation Theory/Hypothesis?
Asserts that behavior is guided by hereditary factors, but certain behaviors don’t occur until a particular stimulus is present. It also suggests that a person’s neural dev’t must be at a certain level of maturity for a behavior to unfold.
Describe Anaclitic Depression.
Rene Spitz’s idea of the depression that children feel, when they’ve suffered maternal deprivation during the first months of life. These kids grow up having difficulty bonding with people.
What is animism?
Animism occurs when a child acts as if nonliving objects have lifelike abilities and tendencies. This occurs in Piaget’s Preoperational Stage, between 2 and 7 years old.
Describe the sequence of Object Loss, found in the work of Bowlby.
The sequence of Object Loss goes from protest, to despair to detachment.
Which theorist believed that if a child was unable to bond with an adult by age 3, he/she would be incapable of having a normal social relationship?
Bowlby.
According to Maccoby and Jacklin, how do boys and girls compare, with respect to verbal skills, aggression and visual perceptual skills?
According to Maccoby and Jacklin, in general girls have better verbals skills, but boys have better visual-perceptual skills and are more active and aggressive.
Define the psychoanalytic term, ‘Primal Scene.’
The primal scene is a psychoanalytic concept that suggests that a young child witnesses his parents having sexual intercourse or is seduced by a parent.
What is Arnold Lazarus known for?
Lazarus, a behaviorist, who feels his approach to counseling is multimodal, relying on a variety of therapeutic techniques. He is also known for BASIC-ID.
What does Arnold Lazarus’ BASIC-ID stand for?
B behavior A affective Responses S sensations I Imagery C Cognitions I interpersonal Relationships D drugs
Define the psychoanalytic term ‘Wish Fulfillment.’
Wish Fulfillment is a Freudian notion that dreams and slips of the tongue are actually wish fulfillments.
Which decade did Elementary school counseling and guidance services become popular?
Elementary school counseling and guidance services are fairly new development which began in the 1960’s.
Secondary school counseling and guidance services became popular in the early 1900’s because of who?
Secondary school counseling and guidance was fueled by work of Frank Parsons.
What are 3 key reasons for the slow development of elementary school counseling?
- The majority of people believed that schoolteachers could double as counselors.
- Counseling was conceptualized as focusing on vocational issues.
- Secondary schools utilized social workers and psychologists who would intervene if emotional problems were still an issue as the child got older.
What is Sandra Bem’s stance on gender roles?
Sandra Bem has spoken out against gender stereotyping, and feels when males and females are not guided by traditional sex roles, individuals can be more androgynous and hence more productive.
A preschool child’s concept of causality is said to be animistic. What does this mean?
This means the child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects. Kind of like personification.
Carl Jung’s Animus and Anima are examples of what?
Animus and Anima are examples of archetypes.
Describe the concept of Ego Identity.
Ego Identity is most often associated with Erik Erikson’s 5th stage: Identity vs. Role Confusion. Successful integration of previous roles into a single self-concept, Ego Identity is achieved. Failure results in identity crisis.
What is the ‘only organized profession’ to work with individuals from a purely preventive and developmental standpoint.
Elementary school counseling.
The balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation) is known by what term?
Equilibrium/Equilibration.
What are Fixed-Action Patterns (FAP)?
FAP’s are ritualistic behaviors, which are common to all members of a species. A FAP will result whenever a releaser in the environment is present.
What is hysteria?
Hysteria occurs when an individual displays an organic symptom (example: blindness, paralysis, or deafness) yet no physiological causes are evident.
What is counterbalancing?
Counterbalancing is an experimental process which a researcher varies the order of conditions to eliminate irrevelant
Define the word ‘psychosis’.
Psychosis is a breakdown of reality, which can include delusions, hallucinations and thought disorders.
What is Senile Psychosis?
In senile psychosis, it’s brought about by old age. At times the term will be used loosely, to imply a loss of memory.
What is Anxiety/Generalized Anxiety?
In counseling, anxiety refers to fear, dread or apprehension without being able to pinpoint the exact reason for the feeling. It’s in contrast to phobia, in which a client can pinpoint the source of fear.
What is nosology?
Nosology is the branch of medicine which concerns itself with the classification of disease.
What is Joseph Wolpe famous for?
Wolpe pioneered the technique of systematic desensitization, a behavioristic technique used to ameliorate phobic reactions.
What is Albert Ellis famous for?
Ellis is a NY clinical psychologist who developed a form of treatment known as Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), which teaches clients to think in a more scientific and logical manner. Ellis was originally an analyst and is a prolific writer.
What is Martin Seligman famous for?
Seligman is known for the phenomenon of Learned Helplessness. Learned helplessness connotes a pattern in which the person is exposed to situations that he/she is truly powerless to change, and then begin to believe he/she has no control over environment.
Describe Martin Seligman’s experiment which lead to the concept of learned helplessness.
Seligman experimentally induced learned helplessness in dogs via giving them electric shocks while placed in a harness. The dogs, unlike untrained dogs, didn’t even try to escape the shocks when the harnesses were removed.
What is the Risky Shift phenomenon.
Risky shift is the fact that a group decision is typically more liberal than the average decision of an individual group member prior to participation in the group. In other words, your initial stance is generally more conservative than the group’s decision.
Describe Konrad Lorenz’ view of aggression.
Lorenz compared humans to wolves and baboon and claimed that we’re naturally aggressive. He said aggressiveness was part of evolution an necessary for survival. He believed the solution is for us to utilize catharsis and get our anger out, using methods such as competitive sports.
Carl Rogers was responsible for what kind of counseling? The name of his counseling underwent name changes. What were the previous names and the present name?
Carl Rogers was famous for Non-directive Counseling. It later became Client-Centered Counseling and now it’s referred to as Person-Centered Counseling.
Who was the father of guidance?
Frank Parsons. In the early 1900’s, he set up centers to help individuals in search of work.
Who is the Father of Experimental Psychology?
Wilhelm Wundt
What is a ‘Critical Period’?
A critical period signifies a special time when a behavior must be learned or the behavior won’t be learned at all. For example, Imprinting.
What is imprinting, and who came up with the concept?
Imprinting is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. The primary work in this area was done by Konrad Lorenz and the ducks.
Ritualistic behaviors, which are common to all members of a species are known as what?
Fixed-action Patterns (FAP’s), elicited by sign stimuli. FAP’s will result whenever a releaser in the environment is present.
Who created the first intelligence test?
Alfred Binet.
Describe William Perry’s concept of dualistic thinking.
Dualistic thinking is common in teens. It’s where things are thought of in terms of good/bad, right/wrong. Everything’s thought of in terms of black and white.
Describe William Perry’s concept of relativistic thinking.
Relativistic thinking is usually acquired by adulthood. It’s the type understanding that everything’s not in black and white, and that the answer can be relative to the specific situation.
What is the Psychiatry of Interpersonal Relations?
Harry Stack Sullivan’s theory that biological determination is less important interpersonal issues and sociocultural demands of society.
What is the definition of Kohlberg’s term, hedonism?
This occurs during Kohlberg’s first level of moral development at stage 2. Here, the child thinks to himself, “if I’m nice, others will be nice to me, then I’ll get what I want.
Jay Mahler introduced a concept called symbiosis. What is symbiosis?
A child’s absolute dependence on a female caregiver. Difficulties in this relationship can lead to adult psychosis.
Who was the maturationist pioneer who used a one-way mirror for observing children?
Arnold Gesell.
Bowlby, who’s associated with bonding and attachment, insisted that in order to lead a normal social life the child must bond with an adult by what age?
Age 3.
Erik Erikson coined the term ‘identity crisis.’ Who coined the term ‘midlife crisis’?
Elliot Jaques.
Who is the first attachment theorist, generally defined as a psychologist who considers how early attachment shapes peoples’ lives?
John Bowlby.
Personal Integrity or Morality of Self-Accepted Principles Level is another title of which of Kohlberg’s levels of moral development?
The third level, which is the Postconventional Level of Moral Dev’t.
The Menninger Clinic in Kansas is a traditional psychoanalytic foothold as well as the site of the landmark work in the area of what?
Biofeedback, which is a technique utilized to help individuals learn to control bodily processes more effectively.
What is the definition of counter-conditioning?
counter-conditioning is a behavioristic technique in which the goal is to weaken or eliminate a learned response by pairing it with a stronger or desired response. Systematic desensitization is a good example of this.
One of Erikson’s stages is called Generativity vs. Stagnation. What does generativity mean?
Generativity means the ability to be productive and happy by looking outside one’s self and being concerned with other people.
Who wrote Seasons of a Man’s Life and Seasons of a Woman’s Life, and viewed the midlife crisis as somewhat positive, pointing out that individuals who don’t face it may indeed stagnate or become stale during their fifties.?
Daniel Levinson.
The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is called _____________?
Intimacy vs. Isolation (ages 23-34).
What does the Freudian concept, Eros refer to?
Eros is the life instinct.
What does the Freudian concept, Thanatos refer to?
Thanatos is the self-destructive death instinct.
In psychoanalysis, _________ content refers to the literal meaning of the dream.
Manifest Content.
In psychoanalysis, ____________ content refers to the deeper, hidden meaning of the dream.
Latent Content.
What are the stats of suicide, when comparing males and females?
Men commit suicide more often than women. Women make more suicide attempts than mean.
Give one theory as to why males commit suicide more than females, but females attempt suicide more often.
One theory is that males are more successful in killing themselves because they use firearms, whereas females rely on less lethal methods.
How does suicide rank in causes of death in this country?
Suicide is generally 11th or 12th leading cause of death in this country.
What are the stats on suicide in teens in this country?
Suicide is the 2nd or 3rd leading cause of death of teens each year in this country.
How many suicides are committed each year in this country?
30,000 suicides are committed each year in the US.
What’s the suicide rate among black females in this country?
2/100,000 is the suicide rate of black females.
What is the correlation between age and suicide?
Suicide rates tend to increase with age.
The fear of death is more common in which age group?
Fear of death is greatest during middle age.
According to Freud, attachment is a major factor during which psychosexual stage?
The oral stage.
When girls are compared to boys, what are girls ‘better’ at?
- Girls grow up to smile more.
- Girls are using more feeling words by age 2.
- Girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age.
When boys are compared to girls, what are boys ‘better’ at?
- Boys are more physically active and aggressive, probably due to androgen hormones.
- Boys seem to possess better visual perceptive skills.
Stage theorists assume __________ changes between stages occur.
Qualitative changes.
Development is cephalocaudal, which means what?
Development takes place from head to foot.
____________ assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes. It also assumes that heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes. Finally, this assumes genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code.
Heredity.
Define heritability.
Heritability is the portion of a trait that can be explained by genetic factors.
Who researched the matter of depth perception in children, utilizing the visual cliff?
Gibson.
By Gibson showing that a baby won’t attempt to cross the visual cliff, what has he proved?
Gibson’s visual cliff experiment with babies showed that depth perception in humans is inherent (i.e., an inborn or so-called innate trait).
Theorists who believe that dev’t merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as___________?
Empiricists.
Empiricism grew out of the philosophy of ______ ______ in the 1600’s, and is sometimes referred to as associationism.
John Locke.
According to empiricism/associationism, scientists can learn only from _________.
Facts.
____________is often said to be the forerunner of behaviorism.
Empiricism.
The __________ viewpoint is slanted toward qualitative rather than quantitative factors that can be measured empirically.
Organismic viewpoint.
Strictly speaking, organismic psychologists don’t believe in a _____-_____ distinction.
Mind-Body distinction.
During this stage of Piaget’s cognitive development, the child learns the concept of time (that one event takes place before or after another) and causality (that a hand can move an object).
The Sensorimotor stage (the first stage). During this stage, the schemas of permanency and constancy of objects occurs as well.
Ethology is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz. What is ethology?
Ethology is the study of animal’s behavior in their natural environment.
What is comparative psychology?
Comparative psychology refers to laboratory research using animals and attempts to generalize the findings to humans.
Who is the Father of Reality Therapy?
William Glasser.
Piaget is a structuralist. How does a structuralist view stages of development?
A structuralist believes stage changes are QUALITATIVE. According to the structuralist viewpoint, each stage is a way of making sense of the world.
What is counterbalancing?
Counterbalancing refers to an experimental process in which a researcher varies the order of conditions to eliminate irrelevant variables.
What is the Piaget term Equilibrium/Equilibration?
Equilibration/Equilibrium is the balance between assimilation (the taking in of new info)and accommodation( the modification of schemas to deal with the new infor.
Bowlby saw attachment and bonding as important elements of survival. What term does this define?
Adaptive significance.
What is the sequence of Bowlby’s Object Loss?
- Protest
- Despair
- Detachment.
