Human Growth and Development Flashcards
Who is the Father of Psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud.
Who did Sigmund Freud befriend, and co-author a book based on “the talking cure”?
Joseph Breuer.
Who is Anna O?
The patient which Joseph Breuer used hypnosis on, and discovered that talk therapy decreases symptoms of hysteria.
Who is Jean-Martin Charcot?
Renowned French neurologist who Freud studied hypnosis under, after he left Breuer.
What is free association?
The method which Freud used in psychoanalysis, where he had patients say whatever came to mind. By analyzing this info, Freud believed that he find the root of trauma responsible for the client’s suffering.
By what age, approximately, did Freud believe that personality was established?
6 years old.
What “zones” of the body were Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development named for?
Erogenous Zones.
Name Freud’s five Stages of Psychosexual Development.
Oral Stage, Anal Stage, Phallic Stage, Latency Stage and Genital Stage.
What is the term that describes being stuck in any of Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development?
Fixation.
Describe the behavior of a person who’s fixated at the Freud’s Oral Stage, and name the erogenous zone.
An orally fixated/preoccupied person might become a nail-biter, smoker, drinker or over-eater. The erogenous zone is the mouth.
Describe the behavior of someone who is fixated at Freud’s Second Stage of Psychosexual Development, and name the erogenous zone associated with this stage.
The erogenous zone of the 2nd Psychosexual stage is the anus. If parents were too lenient with potty training the child might be “anal-expulsive,”; destructive, wasteful and messy. If the potty training was forced or too strict, this would lead to an “anal-retentive” personality; obsessed with perfection, control and cleanliness.
Describe the Phallic Stage of Psychosexual Development.
This is the 3rd stage of development, which covers ages 3-6 years old. The erogenous zone is the genitals. The Oedipus and Electra Complexes occur now. Fixation leads to sexual deviance, confused/and or weakened sexual identity.
Name the fourth stage of Psychosexual Development, the erogenous zone and behavior of fixation. This is a trick question.
The 4th stage is Latency. This is the calm before the storm. Sexual urges are suppressed and energy is directed toward social interaction and intellectual abilities. Kids mostly play with same-sex peers; no sexual dev’t or fixation occurs.
Describe the last Stage of Psychosexual Development.
Puberty-adulthood. Sexual urges reawaken, and are directed to the opposite sex. If stage is successful, person becomes well-adjusted and pleasure is focused on genitalia. If fixated, sexual perversions result.
What are some criticisms of Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development?
- The focus was almost entirely on males.
- He didn’t study behavior of children, but rather what he was told about kids of his adult patients.
- Due to delay between so-called “cause” of childhood and “effect” of adults, theory is too hard to measure.
Describe Freud’s Structural Theory of Personality.
The mind has 3 components. The Id, Ego and Superego. The Id is present at birth and only focus is pleasure and immediate gratification. The Superego deals with morality, values and ideals. The Ego is based on reality and is the executive administrator of personality.
This part of the mind, according to Freud, is the reality principle, and comes to consider other people’s feelings needs and desires, and realizes that selfish impulsive behavior can cause harm?
The Ego.
At what age and stage does the Superego develop?
The Superego develops near the end of the Phallic Stage, around 5 years old.
Describe Freud’s Topographical Theory/Conception of the Human Psyche.
This is represented by an iceberg. The tip above the water is the Conscious. The middle strip is the Preconscious (which has the Superego) and the deepest, largest part is the Unconscious. The Id develops in the Unconscious.
Where in the Psyche/Topographical Theory is the Ego located? This is a trick question.
There is no fixed place in the iceberg for the Ego. It can be found in either of the 3 places.
List what can be found in each area of Freud’s Iceberg.
The Conscious level houses thoughts and perceptions. The Preconscious houses memories and stored knowledge. The Unconscious has fears, unacceptable sexual desires, violent motives, irrational wishes, shameful experiences, selfish needs and immoral urges.
Who created the field of Child Psychoanalysis?
Anna Freud.
Who wrote the book, ‘The Ego and Mechanisms of Defense’ in 1936?
Anna Freud.
What are Ego Defense Mechanisms?
They are tools the ego uses when dealing with conflicts between the Id and Superego. They are a result of the drive to reduce tension and ease anxiety caused by the conflict between Id and Superego.
Who is responsible for conceptualizing the Ego Defense Mechanisms? This is a trick question.
Even though Sigmund Freud came up with the basic idea of EDM’s, Anna Freud identified specific defense mechanisms that the Ego uses to reduce tension.
Describe the EDM of Denial.
Refusing to admit or recognize that something is occurring or has occurred.
Describe the EDM of Displacement
Taking your negative feelings out on someone or something less threatening. Example: Boss yells at you, you come home and kick the dog.
Describe the EDM of Intellectualization.
Thinking of something from a cold and objective perspective instead of getting caught up in your feelings.
Describe the EDM of Projection.
Taking your own uncomfortable feelings and attaching them to someone else so it seems like that person is feeling that way in place of you. Example: complaining that your husband is angry, when you are the angry one.
Describe the EDM of Rationalization.
The use of flimsy yet seemingly plausible arguments to justify either something that is too difficult to accept, or to make something seem not so bad when it is. (Sour Grapes/Sweet Lemons).
Describe the EDM of Reaction Formation.
Behaving in the opposite way to hide one’s true feelings. Feeling something that you feel is socially unacceptable, then espousing the opposite. Example: a closeted gay republican politician publicly condemning gay people and gay rights. Or a racist democrat publicly denouncing racial discrimination.
Describe the EDM of Regression.
Retreating to an earlier stage of development in response to an uncomfortable or distressing situation. Example: Husband yells at wife, and wife cries, throws a tantrum and throws herself on the floor, kicking and screaming.
Describe the EDM of Suppression.
Choosing not to acknowledge/blocking out things too uncomfortable or hurtful to think about.
Describe the EDM of Sublimation.
Channeling socially unacceptable urges into constructive, socially acceptable behaviors. Example: A woman has the urge to slice and dice people, so she becomes a surgeon.
Describe the EDM of Repression, which happens to be the most significant of all of the EDM’s.
This is the total memory loss of a traumatic event. Example: A child who is sexually abused, grows up to be an adult with no memory of such events.
Who modified their work on moral development, from the work of Jean Piaget?
Lawrence Kohlberg.
Name the 3 levels of Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development.
The Preconventional Level, the Conventional Level and the Postconventional Level of Morality.
Name and describe the 2 stages of Kohlberg’s Preconventional Level of Morality.
In this Level the kid sees himself separate from society, and acts in response to authority figures. Stage 1 is Obedience and Punishment. It’s the “How can I avoid punishment” stage. Stage 2 is Individualism and exchange. It’s the “What’s in it for me” orientation.
Name and describe the Second Level which includes 3rd and 4th Stage of Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development.
In the Conventional Level of Morality, children see themselves as part of society, and urged to act accordingly. Stages 3 is Good Interpersonal Relationships. Family and society are sought as models of moral choices. Interpersonal emotions and need of approval are huge here. Stage 4 is Law and Order, where kids see laws/rules as necessary to maintain order.
Name the final level of Kohlberg’s Moral Development, and the stages it contains.
The Post Conventional Level of Morality is where ethical behavior becomes self-motivated. People act according to a higher universal sense of morality. Stage 5 is Social Contract and Individual Rights orientation. People have made a contract with society to uphold universal values; all are entitled to basic rights. Stage 6 is Universal Principles. Internal principals of ethics and justice may go against laws of state. Principles may trump laws.
List criticisms of Lawrence Kohlberg’s research into the moral stages of development.
Some say his theory of moral dev’t is biased towards males, and that most men reach Stage 4 and most women reach Stage 3. Others say he didn’t take other factors into consideration, like compassion and caring. He’s also criticized for not doing longitudinal studies, since he claims to know how kids develop over time.
Who is The Father of Individual Psychology?
Alfred Adler.
Adler was a sickly child. He suffered from rickets, caught pneumonia as a child, didn’t learn to walk until age 4, and almost died. Some say his difficult child hood may have influenced which of his theories?
Adler’s Organ Inferiority is as follows: A person with a physical defect will experience feelings of shortcoming or inferiority because of his handicap. This will lead the person to compensate for the supposed weakness.
Although Freud invited Adler to work with him, formed the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society and appointed Adler as president and co-editor of the organization’s newsletter, what led to the rift?
Adler disagreed with many of Freud’s views while working with him. They debated, and Adler eventually broke away from the organization, and 9 other members followed. They formed The Society for Individual Psychology.
How do Freud’s and Adler’s views on personality differ.
Freud believed that biological drives were responsible for behavior. Adler believed that a person’s behavior influenced by an individual’s experience, environment and societal forces.
Name the 3 forces that Adler believed that the individual has to confront in order to find the final nature of personality.
- Societal Forces
- Love-Related Forces
- Vocational Forces.
Explain Adler’s Theory of Compensation, Resignation and Overcompensation.
Adler believed that in developing personality traits, people deal with feelings of inferiority. They do this by either A) Compensate, by excelling in other areas, to make up for the deficit. B) Resignation, they come to terms with and accept their shortcomings. C) Overcompensation, they go nuts trying to outdo themselves.
Describe Adler’s Fictional Finalism.
Adler’s idea that there’s an imagined or potential goal that guides our behavior.
While Freud pushed his theory of libido and sex as drives of development, name 4 environmental factors that Adler shifted his focus to, as factors that effect development.
- Birth Order
- Family Constellation
- Lifestyle
- Goals.
Whose theory would include the statement, “Sibling interaction may have more of an impact than parent/child interaction.”?
Alfred Alder.
The drive for superiority, Will to Power, emphasis on equality, and the importance of social interest, democratic family structures, and it’s effect on self esteem, is attributed to which theorist?
Alfred Adler.
Describe Neofreudians.
They are a group of theorists who were influence by Sigmund Freud, but they stressed the importance of cultural issues and interpersonal relationships as opposed to biological or sexual drives.
Because he believed that every person was unique, and none of the previous theories could be applied to everyone, this is how Adler came up with his overall theory _____________________.
Individual Psychology.
Explain Adler’s Success and Superiority.
In a nutshell, Adler believed the driving force behind a person’s actions were either success (the desire for community benefit) or superiority (the desire for personal gain. People who strive for superiority have little concern for others and only on self, and end psychologically unhealthy. The success-driven are motivated by good of humanity.
Which theorist is famous for Classical Conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov.
Explain the basic idea of Classical Conditioning and it’s four components.
Classical Conditioning is basically about learning by association. The components are Unconditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Response, Conditioned Stimulus and Conditioned Response.
BF Skinner is known for what theory?
Operant Conditioning.
What is Operant Conditioning?
The method of influencing behavior with punishment and rewards.
What is Positive Reinforcement?
The method of adding something positive to increase the chance of a behavior occurring.
What is Negative Reinforcement?
The method of taking something negative away, in order to increase the chance of a behavior occurring.
What is Punishment?
The method used to decrease the chance of a behavior occurring.
What is Extinction?
The method of not adding any reinforcement (negative or positive) in hopes of eliminating a behavior. Example would be ignoring thumb-sucking instead of slapping the kid (positive punishment).
Describe the Reinforcement of the rats in the Skinner Box.
Rat’s in the box. Every time it pushes the lever, it gets food (Positive Reinforcement). Rat’s in the box, and electric shocks are at it’s feet, but the shocks stop when it pushes the lever (Negative Reinforcement).
Describe Punishment/Positive Punishment and Extinction with rats in the Skinner Box.
Rat’s in the box and every time he pulls the lever he gets shocked (Punishment/Positive Punishment). Rat’s in the box, the rat neither gets a shock or food, so eventually the pressing of the lever stops.
What are Schedules of Reinforcement?
A way of increasing a behavior, based on when and how often it’s reinforced.
Schedules of Reinforcement can be broken down into 2 types. What are they?
Continuous Reinforcement: behavior is reinforced every time it occurs.
Partial Reinforcement: a behavior is reinforced only part of the time.
Partial Reinforcement Schedules can be broken down into 4 distinct schedules of reinforcement. What are they?
- Fixed-Ratio Schedule
- Variable-Ratio Schedule
- Fixed-Interval Schedule
- Variable-Interval Schedule
A rat in a Skinner Box gets a food pellet every other time it pushes the lever. This is an example of what kind reinforcement?
It’s an example of Partial Reinforcement, more specifically Fixed-Ratio Schedule. After X number of times, the behavior is reinforced.
One of Skinner’s rats gets pellets after an unpredictable number of pushes on the lever. What kind of Partial Reinforcement is this?
It’s Variable-Ratio. The rat has no idea how many times he has to push the lever before getting the pellet.
Another one of Skinner’s rats gets a food pellet after 15 seconds, regardless of how many times he pushes the pellet. What kind of Partial Reinforcement is this?
It’s Fixed-Interval. After X number of seconds/minutes/whatever, the rat gets the pellet regardless of how many times he pushes the lever. Remember Interval = time.
One of Skinner’s more unfortunate rats is put on a Variable-Interval Schedule of reinforcement. What does this mean, and why is it unfortunate?
A Variable-Interval schedule occurs when the reinforcement comes after an unpredictable amount of time. This is unfortunate because the rat’s got no clue as to how long or how often he’s gonna get a pellet.
